Technical Developments Essay Example for Free

Specialized Developments Essay With the expansion in the achievement of record deals came the need to acquaint strategies with lessen producing costs so as to expand net revenues. No place was this need more predominant than with the autonomous record organizations in the business for they had the most to pick up not to mention endure. After the destruction of Germany, German innovation advanced over the Atlantic to America. One of these specialized advancement was the capacity to store sound data on attractive tape. Attractive tape was where Iron Oxide implanted on plastic tape could be polarized by intensified electrical motivations to record and playing back sound data. It offered altering of exhibitions, compactness, and better sound quality and was significally less expensive than the current advances. In the USA an organization that made Scotch tape called 3M improved the capacities of attractive tape, permitting recording rates of 30 ips to be brought down to 15 ips and 71/2 ips with minimal quality misfortune yet essentially longer account times. In 1948 Bell research centers acquainted the Transistor with America. Transistor innovation could do everything the Vacuum tube at a decreased expense. It required less force, was littler in size and progressively sturdy. Before long the account studio got compact and could without much of a stretch be torn down and set-up if the need emerged. In particular, the AM radio was made and could be found in the private limits of a young people room. It may be difficult to accept, yet guardians would caution their children about the shades of malice of tuning in to new music without anyone else. This new coming in specialized advancements started enthusiasm with the significant players in the business like CBS and RCA. Over at CBS the research centers created High Fidelity, another strategy for improving the record. The Long-Playing record was concocted that expanded the quantity of depressions for the playing speed was brought from 78 rpm down to 33 rpm. Since the speed was brought down and the scores now littler, the littler jewel pointer supplanted the bigger sapphire pointer. The new pointer expected to utilize lesser weight permitting the LPs to last significantly more. Over at RCA, engineers were creating comparable innovation. They concocted a littler estimated record that spun at 45 rpm. The size of the 45 and the way that they just played one tune worked very well for the jukebox proprietors. The 33-rpm LP functioned admirably for playing records that offered more than one melody and could sell for more cash. With the new specialized advances, records developed as a moderately modest medium contrasted with the general creation expenses of Radio, film and Television, With this new pattern, littler free record organizations could rival the bigger organizations and normally they developed in height and force. Records before long turned into the backbone of radio and by 1952 record deals outperformed sheet music deals as a wellspring of income in the music business. Never again was the jukebox the fundamental asset for record advancement, radio with its new characters would ensure that. The primary telecom position was AM adequacy tweak, despite the fact that FM recurrence adjustment had been around for some time. FM was in struggle with the presentation of TV for it existed in the VHF data transfer capacity that TV likewise shared, and needed to take a secondary lounge to AM despite the fact that its telecom quality was better. It was evident to the telecom organizations that the future lied in TV and radio would consistently be auxiliary. A trade off was made with Fm telecasters and TV when TV permitted FM to work on station 1 on the TV station dial. It was later moved to a transfer speed between 88-108 megacycles (between channels 6 and 7 where in now lives today. This end up being obliterating for FM supporters for not very numerous individuals were keen on purchasing a FM radio. In 1946 there were just about 7 million AM radios and under 75,000 FM radios, and it would be quite a while until TV was completely settled in that FM would begin to develop as a telecaster for old style radio. With the advancement of TV came the deadly hit to organize radio, for the enormous promoters were considerably more keen on supporting TV programming than radio. Yet, radio figured out how to endure by means of the Independent telecasters that could depend on neighborhood promoters for incomes, what we call today Retail refrains the Corporate publicizing of the significant supporters. It is astounding to recognize the endeavors and the karma of the independents in their quest for good music.

Gallery review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Display audit - Essay Example They realize a feeling of sexuality and sentiment. This show is not the same as the others as in it is appealing and dubious simultaneously. Various individuals may decipher the photos in an unexpected way, however the main thing is the way that; the photos are an incredible bit of fine art (Barrett, 2003). Different parts of the photos are important to me, and call for additional examination. Understudies who saw pictures in exhibition two had various translations, which incited a more profound knowledge of their importance. Eye development through the photos was quick. I skimmed through the photos to attempt to get a restrictive understanding of their significance. The picture’s visual fascination was of much enthusiasm than attempting to comprehend what the craftsman had achieved. The course of action of the photos underneath delineates that eye development was activated by visual impression. In the wake of skimming through the photos, I had a slight thought of what the craftsman was attempting to impart. My consideration was drawn by the nakedness of the last picture. My eye development around this picture was in a round movement. I looked over this picture to obtain some information on why the craftsman thought of posting it (Barrett, 2000). The hues in the photos upgraded their translation. A sexual emanation and a feeling of sentiment couldn't have been depicted without the splendid hues. The brilliant hues were a sign of a consistent similarity between the photos. These hues make a closeness and vitality that stayed present in the pictures. The pictures from this display have a shrouded meaning. They all include a lady, which attempts to draw out the possibility of her way of life. The consistent narrative style pictures attempt to achieve a feeling of enslavement and sex. The pictures may likewise will in general uncover the distractions and enthusiasm of the craftsman and his subjects. Watching the photos triggers the mind to waver among authenticity and extended thoughts of the

80+ Psychology-Related Careers to Consider

80+ Psychology-Related Careers to Consider October 30, 2019 More in Student Resources Careers APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips So youve decided to major in psychology, but what exactly do you plan to do after you graduate? Competition for many jobs has increased dramatically and in order to compete in todays market, it pays to carefully consider your career options and select a field that is in high demand. One exercise you may find helpful is to look through a list of psychology careers to see what your options are and then narrow down the list to those in which you are most interested in. There are also lots of career paths in psychology beyond some of the typical options such as  clinical  or  counseling psychology. In fact, some of the most interesting job options might be those that you do not hear much about such as aviation psychology or traffic psychology. Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell Obviously, the best job is the one that you truly love, whether it involves providing therapy, conducting research, or solving real-world problems. Before you decide on a career, spend some time thinking about what really interests you and the type of work setting you would most likely enjoy. As of 2019, the demand for psychologists is expected to grow by 14 percent through the year 2026. While this is not a comprehensive list of every single psychology career out there, the following are just a few of the psychology-related jobs  that have a strong projected employment outlook or are considered an up-and-coming field with opportunity for growth. We highlight a few of these careers to help convey the enormous variety of employment opportunities within the field of psychology. Some of these career options are specifically in psychology while others are less related but still rely on the knowledge and skills acquired while earning a psychology degree. Psychology Careers Consider some of these options as you plan your career path. Art Therapist Art therapists  utilize the expressive and creative arts to help clients cope with psychological distress and to enhance emotional well-being. People who work in this field are trained in both psychotherapy and art. By using art, clients can communicate feelings, express creativity, explore different aspects, of personality, and cope with stress. Art therapy is often used in a variety of situations, including: Adults suffering from chronic or severe stressChildren with disabilitiesPeople who have suffered brain injuriesPeople who have witnessed or experienced a traumatic event   Aviation Psychologist Aviation psychology is a relatively little-known sub-specialty area of  human factors psychology  that involves the study of pilots, air traffic controllers, and other flight crew members. People who work in this field perform a number of different duties including: Evaluating prospective employeesDesigning flight decksSelecting and training pilotsAssessing cabin safetyInvestigating aviation accidentsConducting research on aviation safety Career or Vocational Counselor Thanks to the rapidly changing job market, many people are searching for a new job in their chosen field or even changing careers entirely.  Career counselors  help individuals make career decisions and utilize tools including personality assessments, interest inventories, and other evaluation measures. They often start by looking at a clients interests, job history, education, skills, and  personality  characteristics in order to determine which careers are a good match. They also help clients work on building skills, practicing interviews, improving resumes, and locating job openings. Assisting clients who are dealing with job loss or employment-related stress is also common. Clinical Psychologist Clinical psychologists  assess, diagnose and treat clients suffering from psychological disorders. These professionals typically work in hospital settings, mental health clinics, or private practices. Clinical psychology  is the single largest employment area within psychology, but there are still plenty of jobs available for qualified professionals. In order to become a clinical psychologist, you must have a doctoral-level degree in clinical psychology and most states require a minimum of a one-year internship. Most graduate school programs in clinical psychology are fairly competitive. Consumer Psychologist In a struggling economy where retailers and businesses are concerned with attracting new customers, the need for psychologists to research consumer behavior and to develop effective marketing campaigns has grown.  Consumer psychologists  not only study how and why people purchase goods and services, they also analyze how family, friends, culture, and media messages affect buying behavior. Some tasks that a consumer psychologist might perform include: Working with consumer focus groups to determine how appealing a particular product might beDeveloping advertising and marketing campaigns to appeal to a target audienceConducting theoretical research on shopping and buying behavior Counselor Counselors help people with a wide variety of problems, including marriage, family, emotional, educational, and substance abuse issues. While requirements vary, almost all states require at least a masters degree in order to become a licensed counselor. Typical work settings include K-12 schools, colleges and universities, hospitals, mental health clinics, and private practice offices. Engineering Psychologist Engineering psychologists  use psychology to investigate how people interact with machines and other technology. These professionals use their understanding of the human mind and behavior to help design and improve technology, consumer products, work settings, and living environments. For example, an engineering psychologist might work as part of a team to redesign a product to make it more efficient and easier to use in a work situation. Those working in academic settings report the lowest earnings, while those working in the private sector report higher salaries.?? Experimental Psychologist Do you love creating psychology experiments?  Experimental psychologists  use scientific methods and design research studies that explore many different topics within psychology. Social behavior, cognitive processes, personality, and human development are just a few of the topics that experimental psychologists might investigate. People working in this field often specialize in a particular area such as cognitive psychology, educational psychology, or personality psychology. They may also be employed in a variety of settings ranging from universities, government agencies, research centers, and nonprofit organizations. Forensic or Criminal Psychologist Forensic psychologists  apply psychology to the fields of criminal investigation and law. This has rapidly become one of the hottest psychology careers thanks to numerous portrayals in popular movies, television programs, and books. While the field may not be as glamorous as it is depicted in the media, forensic psychology is still an exciting career choice with a lot of potential for growth. Forensic psychologists often work with other experts to resolve child custody disputes, scrutinize insurance claims, perform child custody evaluations, and investigate suspected child abuse. If you are interested in this area of psychology, you might want to also consider the related field of criminal psychology.  Criminal psychologists  perform a variety of duties such as developing psychological profiles of criminal suspects, assessing convicted criminals to determine their risk of re-offending, and helping law enforcement catch online predators. Genetics Counselor Genetics counselors  help provide information about genetic disorders to couples and families. These professionals typically have graduate training in both genetics and counseling, and many have undergraduate degrees in areas such as psychology,  social work, biology, nursing, and public health. Genetics counselors often work with a team of medical professionals, including doctors, nurses, and geneticists to offer support, guidance, and assistance to families who have a family member with a genetic disorder or who may be at risk of passing down an inherited disorder to their offspring. Geropsychologist As the population of older adults continues to grow, the demand for professionals to attend to their mental health needs also increases. According to the Pew Research Center, the year 2050, 19 percent of the population will be age 65 or older. Geropsychologists do everything from keeping older adults mentally and physically healthy and vibrant to working with those who are frail and have cognitive impairments, explains Deborah DiGilio, director of APAs Office on Aging.?? Geropsychologists can work in a wide range of areas, from providing mental health services to aging adults to designing products that make life easier for the elderly. Health Psychologist Health psychologists  are focused on helping people living healthier lives. They study how psychological, biological, and social factors influence health. Two important areas of health psychology include helping people avoid illness and promoting healthy behaviors. Educating people about the causes of illness and teaching healthier habits are just two things that a health psychologist might do on a regular basis. These professionals often work in settings such as hospitals, universities, health care centers, and government agencies. Some of the job duties they may perform include helping people to lose weight, stop smoking, eat healthily, and decrease stress. Industrial-Organizational Psychologist Industrial-organizational psychologists  focus on workplace behavior, often using psychological principles to increase worker productivity and select employees that are best-suited for particular jobs. There are several different specialty areas  within industrial-organizational psychology. For example, some I-O psychologists train and assess employees, while others evaluate job candidates. While there are some job opportunities at the masters degree level, those with a doctoral-level degree in industrial-organizational psychology are in greater demand and  command significantly higher salaries. One sub-specialty area of the field involves working in human resources management to screen and hire job applicants. These professionals are often involved in designing and administering employment screening tests and selecting job candidates that are the best fit for particular positions within a company. School Psychologist School psychologists  work in educational settings to help children deal with emotional, academic, and social problems. Thanks to increased interest in the mental health of children and federal education legislation, school psychology has rapidly become one of the fastest growing fields. The demand for qualified school psychologists exceeds the number of candidates available, which means that job opportunities are plentiful. Special Education Teacher While slightly outside of a traditional psychology career, the field of special education offers a great deal of opportunity for those who enjoy helping children. Special education teachers work with students with a variety of disabilities. In order to become a special education teacher, you must have at least a bachelors degree and complete a teacher training program in special education. Because of the increased enrollments in special education programs and a shortage of qualified teachers, job demand is strong and expected to grow. Sports Psychologist Sports psychologists  focus on the psychological aspects of sports and athletics, including topics such as  motivation, performance, and injury. The two major areas within sports psychology are centered on helping to improve athletic performance or using sports to improve mental and physical health. Sports psychologists work in a wide variety of settings including universities, hospitals, athletic centers, private consulting practices, and research facilities. Traffic Psychologist Traffic psychology is an emerging field that involves applying psychological principles to understanding driver behavior. Some areas in this field include: Studying the relationship between driver behavior and traffic accidentsDesigning vehicles that are safer and more ergonomicSearching for ways to improve traffic safety and prevent auto accidentsResearching how people use transportation Traffic psychology often involves a multidisciplinary approach, combining fields such as social psychology, behavioral psychology, and  cognitive psychology. For example, traffic psychologists might assess how perception and cognition influence performance during a driving task. They might also look at how individual personality affects a drivers  emotions,  attitudes, and risk-taking behavior while driving. More Psychology Career Options Did one of the careers highlighted above catch your eye? Or are you still looking for something that matches your interests and goals? After earning your psychology degree, the specific career you pursue will depend largely on your educational background. Some entry-level jobs are open to those with an undergraduate  degree in psychology, while others require advanced or graduate-level study. The following are just some of the many psychology-related job titles that you might want to explore. Some are directly in the field of psychology, while others require additional training in another field or specialty area. In either case, having a solid understanding of the human mind and behavior can be beneficial in any of these careers. Academic CounselorAdvanced Psychiatric NurseAdvertising AgentAnimal TrainerAnimal ResearcherAviation PsychologistCase WorkerChild Care WorkerChild PsychologistCollege Admissions CounselorComparative PsychologistCommunity CounselorCounseling PsychologistCorrectional Treatment SpecialistCriminal InvestigatorCrisis CounselorCognitive PsychologistCollege Admissions OfficerCollege RecruiterCustomer Service AgentDevelopmental PsychologistEditorEducation AdministratorEducational PsychologistElementary School TeacherEmployment InterviewerEmployment RecruiterEnvironmental PsychologistExperimental PsychologistFamily and Marriage TherapistFinancial Aid CounselorGrief CounselorGuidance CounselorHuman Factors PsychologistHuman Resources AdvisorHuman Resources ManagerJournalistLawyerLibrary AssistantMarket ResearcherMental Health CoordinatorMilitary PsychologistMusic TherapistNeurologistOccupational TherapistPhysicianPolice OfficerPublic Opinion SurveyorProbation OfficerPsychiatric Social WorkerPs ychiatric TechnicianPsychosocial Rehabilitation WorkerPublic Relations AgentPublishing AgentPsychiatric AidePsychiatristRecreational TherapistRehabilitation CounselorResearch AssistantSchool CounselorSecondary School TeacherScience WriterSocial PsychologistSocial Services SpecialistSocial WorkerStatisticianSubstance Abuse CounselorTechnical WriterUniversity Psychology ProfessorVocational Rehabilitation CounselorYouth Counselor What to Consider Before Choosing a Career in Psychology Based upon this list of psychology careers, you can see that employment opportunities can be quite diverse. Some careers require only a bachelors degree in psychology, while others will require more advanced degrees such as a masters or doctorate. Spend some time researching different options and learn more about what you will have to do to enter those fields. Ask yourself if you have the commitment and resources to pursue the educational training you will need. As you examine the variety of psychology careers that are available, think about some of the following questions. How well does the career fit your personality?What kind of training and education are required to enter the field?Are the average salaries in a particular field satisfactory?What kinds of things do people in that particular career path do on a daily basis?Does the career sound interesting, challenging and rewarding? Finding the right career in psychology takes some careful planning. It is important to start thinking about what you might want to do early on. This way you can start planning your educational map in order to achieve your vocational goals. A Word From Verywell The jobs options listed in this article are just a few of the many different career paths that are available within psychology.  Do you feel like youve spotted your dream job? Or are you disappointed that your chosen specialty area isnt on this list? Either way, just remember that no list of predicted hot jobs can ever highlight all of the many options that are available within psychology. The important thing is to pick a career that is right for you, your interests, and your long-term goals in life.

Tolerance As Defined By Merriam Webster - 1248 Words

On Tolerance Tolerance, as defined by Merriam-Webster, is willingness to accept feelings, habits, or beliefs that are different from your own. Tolerance is something one must work at to maintain for acceptance of others is not inherent to human nature or at least it does not seem to be, for the most part. It is, however, human nature to see anyone unfamiliar and different as â€Å"other†. Due to human nature, I am rarely, if ever, surprised by some of the remarks I come across in my daily life, especially from my peers. Occasionally, though, I am very disappointed and surprised by people I respect. My father, on a clear winter morning, devastated my pure view of his wisdom with a singular comment. He said, â€Å"The mess these black people in Detroit are in is what they deserve. All of them are hooligans and hood rats. There is no way to save Detroit with so many black people there.† All I could do was nod my head and stay silent while inside all I felt was shock. I had never heard my father make a comment so prejudiced before and had believed him to be a tolerant man of all groups of people. He had grown up in Detroit, gone into the navy and seen the world through it, had received a college education, and worked at a steady job where he met all sorts of different people. Through knowing this, I had thought him to be the picture of a tolerant American who knew differences existed but accepted them. In my mind, my view of tolerance had changed in that moment because of hisShow MoreRelatedGod and Evil1273 Words   |  6 Pagesthe existence of evil and if evil exists can God exist and if so can this God still be declared perfect? The epistemological issue that arises is One’s knowledge of God and the validity of God’s existence. What is good and what is evil? The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines evil as: 1. a : morally reprehensible : sinful, wicked lt;an evil impulsegt; b : arising from actual or imputed bad character or conduct lt;a person of evil reputationgt; 2 a: archaic : inferior b : causingRead MoreDefinition Essay Marriage838 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is the Definition of Marriage? What is the definition of marriage? Over the years, the word marriage has been challenged from its current definition as listed in Merriam-Webster s Dictionary as an act of marrying or being married between a man and a woman. Marriage can also be defined in the Oxford Dictionary as the formal union of a man and a woman, typically recognized by law, by which they become husband and wife. The word marriage becomes a special type of bond between two people thatRead MoreAddiction Vs. Obsession : Addiction Versus Obsession815 Words   |  4 Pageshabits as â€Å"addictions,† what they are showing are signs of psychological disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and many other disorders. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines an addiction as, â€Å"[the] compulsive need for and use of a habit-forming substance (as heroin, nicotine, or alcohol) characterized by tolerance and well-defined physiological symptoms upon withdrawal.† Not one participant on â€Å"My Strange Addiction† is shown using any type of drug. The word addiction has an immenselyRead MoreCharacteristics Of An Effective Counselor1340 Words   |  6 Pageswith their clients and assist them in resolving their issues, make choices, and implement alterations outlook and behavior that they desire in their life† (Counselor, 2015). Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines characteristics as â€Å"a special quality or trait that makes a person, thing, or group different from others† (Merriam-Webster, 2015). 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Strategic Management vs Leadership - 3605 Words

Strategic Leadership vs. Strategic Management: Untying The Gordian Knot Robert M. Murphy, Ph.D. Professor of Management United States Army War College DISCLAIMER This views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not reflect the policy or position of the United States War College, the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, the Department of State, or any agency of the U.S. government. Note from the Author This paper is a work in progress. The purpose of this paper is to elicit comments from fellow scholars and practitioners as to the soundness of the concepts put forth in this paper. The Problem By now most of us are getting tired of the endless attempts to distinguish between the concepts of†¦show more content†¦In the case of language, instead of using a conceptual framework as the basis of understanding various concepts, old words are given new meaning while new words are developed to describe old theories or practices. I fully realize the evolving nature of the field of management and leadership, but at the rate we are going, those two words will lose their meaning due to the looseness of their usage. As an example, the following is a series of definitions taken from various textbooks used in the United States. Management Definitions. †¢ A set of activities directed at an organization’s resources human, financial, physical, and information) with the aim of achieving organizational goals in an efficient and effective manner. (Griffin, 1999) The coordination of human, material, technological, and financial resources needed for an organization to achieve its goals. (Hess and Siciliano, 1996) The process of getting things done through the efforts of others. (Mondy and Premeaux, 1995) The process of designing maintaining an environment in which individuals work together in-groups to accomplish efficiently selected aims. 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Analysing Salinity In The River Murray Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(190) " import because it is a native topographic point for several species of birds, fish and floras and one of the biggest wetland sites that provide an economic sciences value through its fish\." The Murray River is one of the biggest rivers in Australia and spans three provinces: Victoria, New South Wales and South Australia. The entire length is 2756 kilometers and has 4 major dikes and 16 storage weirs and 15 navigable locks. The Murray River is a topographic point for a big scope sum of species such as birds, wetland birds, fishes and floras. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysing Salinity In The River Murray Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Today, there are more menaces to the river particularly to the quality of the H2O in Murray River. The low quality of H2O will act upon many industries and human being that rely on the river Murray. One index of H2O quality is the salt degree in the H2O. The salt degree is really high in most portion of the river, particularly in the Coorong, Lower lakes and Murray Mouth. The lessening in H2O flows to these countries caused addition in salt degree which reduces the H2O quality of the river. Still, the salt degree fluctuates at a really short clip because it is being influenced by the flows from up watercourse and the tidal moving ridge. The Living Murray Program ( LMP ) is a response plan to the environmental jobs in the Murray River. It aims to presenting back the H2O into the river to accomplish an environmentally healthier river system that benefits all Australian. The plan was established in 2002 and the first plan was implemented in 2004 to delivered back 5000GL of H2O to the Murray River to profit workss, animate beings and Australian along the river. It was besides aims to better the environmental public presentation of six topographic points that designated as icon sites due to their high ecological and cultural values. The plan provides H2O to retaining, retrieving and bettering the ecosystems, home grounds and species of vegetations and zoologies in these sites. Among all icon sites, The Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth have the highest salt degree. The LMP and other related plans under the LMP attempt to work out the jobs. This essay critiques the LMP and related plans on their effort to cut down the salt degree in Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth countries. This essay besides describes the benefits, strengths and failings of the LMP regrading salt issues. The River Murray and the Murray-Darling Basin The Murray-Darling Basin ( MDB ) covers the country of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory and South Australia. The rivers provide services for the 2.7 million people ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2007 ) . The MDB has a saline status and due to human activities in the last two decennaries through irrigation and dike, the salt degree has been increasing significantly. This status is non a good status for agribusiness, H2O supplies and environment ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2000 ) . The increasing degree of salt in the Murray River is caused by some alterations on the H2O direction system. Naturally, the Murray River is flown by high degree of salt and the natural barrier which came from the form of the Murray River H2O flows prevent the belowground flows to make the sea a create salty deposit bed beneath the upper current which create high degree of salt within the river of course. However, alterations like higher rate of irrigation and, clearance of new land of agricultural industry had accelerated the degree of salt in the river and increasing it significantly ( Quiggin, 1988 ) . Table 1. Salt degrees in the River Murray Murray-Darling Basin Salting. Metric tons of salt mobilised to come up in each State for selected old ages. State 1998 2020 2050 2100 SA 434,000 640,000 870,000 1,020,000 VIC 740,000 825,000 1,150,000 1,370,000 Naval special warfare 3,707,000 5,000,000 6,140,000 7,690,000 QLD 186,000 255,000 256,000 256,000 Murray-Darling Basin Salting. Annual entire salt mobilization in metric tons for selected old ages. A 1998 2020 2050 2100 Sum 5,100,000 6,800,000 8,500,000 10,400,000 ( beginning: MDBMC, 1987 ) Due to increasing degree of salt in the Murray River H2O, species which of course live with Murray River as their natural home ground will bit by bit extinct since their organ could non accommodate with high degree of salt ( Nielsen et al. 2003 ) . While some types of plantation and carnal manage to set their variety meats to the increasing degree of salt, the impact is still important and even makes their lives shortened. In add-on, substructure nearby the salty river can be easy damaged and the quality of land, particularly for agricultural intents will dramatically diminish which caused the doomed of productive land. If authorities continues their undertaking to pull off the salt degree in the Murray River by pumping the river H2O and turn up it in an country where it so vaporize and infiltrate into the land will profit by making a healthy Murray flood-plain flora and promote 135 species of birds to populate in the country ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2003 ) . The Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth The H2O quality in Coorong country determine the H2O quality of its environing countries, particularly in four territory parts of chief channel of the lower Murray, the lower Lake Alexandria and Lake Albert, the Northern Lagoon of the Coorong and the Southern Lagoon of the Coorong. The high value of Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth have been doing these countries became iconic sites. Naturally, the Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth have a high degree of salt because of the H2O flows to the country is already low both in quality and measure. These countries are located in the down watercourse at the very terminal of the Murray River system. There are 593 Gatess and 5 bombardments in the Coorong built in 1035 and 1940 to protect the Coorong from the Lower Lakes. The H2O flow from the upstream influence the H2O in the Coorong. The Murray Mouth, Coorong and Lower lakes is an country of 140.000 hectares. This country is of import because it is a native topographic point for several species of birds, fish and floras and one of the biggest wetland sites that provide an economic sciences value through its fish. You read "Analysing Salinity In The River Murray Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" Furthermore, Coorong that has 140 kilometer length is one of the icon sites for waterfowls. Environmental aims delivered in this country through EWMP were making a healthier Coorong and Lower Lakes countries ; pull offing the transition through Murray Mouth ; supplying best status for fish spawning and increasing wading birds home ground in Lower Lakes. The biggest aims in this country is to cut down the salt degree and manage H2O degree fluctuation in Murray Mouth, Coorong and Lower Lakes by constructing Gatess that installed on selected bombardments. The dredging plan in the Murray oral cavity be sides one of the efforts to do the Murray Mouth environmentally healthier. Figure 1. Murray Mouth, Coorong and Lower Lakes ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2008 ) . The Living Murray Program The Living Murray Program ( TLMP ) is a Response plan to the environmental debasement in Murray River system. Established in mid 2002 by the Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council ( MDBMC ) , it aimed to pull off the H2O flow to run into the appropriate degree to keep the healthy status of the river. The plan was besides set to protect the agricultural concern, the communities, natural and cultural values along the Basin ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2004 ) . Furthermore, in 2003, The MDBMC decided to better environmental benefit in six countries include Murray Mouth, Coorong and Lower Lakes. The marks were: recovery of up to an estimated norm of 500GL/ twelvemonth of H2O ; bettering environmental benefits for all countries on the $ 150 million ; bettering the direction capacity ; constitution of autochthonal partnership and farther work to better the environmental benefit from the six designated countries. The countries were chosen because of their importance on national, regional and international ecological system ; the hazards they face and the economic sciences and cultural values they have ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2004 ) . The Environmental Works and Measure Program ( EWMP ) is a long term plan tallies from 2003 to 2011 as an built-in portion of the Living Murray Program. In October 2002, the EWMP had dredging plan in the Murray Mouth to keep and reconstruct the environmental wellness in Coorong and Lower Lakes. This plan was successful in keeping an gap in drouth in 2003 and 2004 ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2004 ) . There were several menaces to the wellness of Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth in footings of salt degree: terrible drouth cause low flows of H2O or no flow at all through the bombardments ; the average one-year flow is 27 % under natural status ; sudden passage between saline and fresh water at the bombardments and cut down interaction between sea and river, including that the Murray oral cavity is at hazard of closing on norm in one twelvemonth in three. The Actions of EWMP were: making of a new â€Å" River Murray estuary environmental allotment † of about 180GL in every twelvemonth ; Target flushing of oral cavity in accomplishing flows go throughing Barrages in summer and fall in dry old ages ; bettering greater control of the Barrages and triping many species to bread during wet old ages. Between 2003-2011, Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation in South Australia was running a plan to remotely operates the Barrages Gatess. The aims was to heightening the environmental wellness of the Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth by increasing the flexibleness of control of bombardments releases at selected locations and cut downing the salt fluctuation and H2O degree fluctuation and bettering connectivity between the sea and the Coorong. This undertaking is an built-in portion of the LMP since the results were reported to the Murray Management Plan. The Restoration and sweetening dredging in the Murray oral cavity was besides aimed to increase the environmental wellness of the Coorong and Lower Lakes. The plan is running from 2004 and estimated to be finished in 2011. The results are installing of 10 remotely operated Gatess at the Tauwitchere Barrage ; remotely operated Gatess will be installed on selected bombardments supplying improved operational flexibleness compared to the current manually operated Gatess ; A concern instance based on current monitoring, morphological modeling and probes of a figure of environmental wellness indexs to find whether dredging beyond the current dredging plan will profit the Coorong and Lower Lakes environment and If the concern instance is positive, execution of an enhanced dredging plan to reconstruct, enhance and prolong the environmental wellness of the Coorong and Lower Lakes ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2004 ) . The LMP allocated 15GL of H2O to be released in 2005 and 2006. The primary aims were to supply the best status for some of the native fishes to engender and to increase the estuarial country. Therefore, due to many betterments on LMP program, in July 2005 H2O was released through the bombardments and this status allowed some of the native fish to finish their life rhythm. This status showed that the Coorong was ecologically healthier. The dredging undertaking besides showed a important addition in the flora in the Murray Mouth. Furthermore, in 2006, some native fishes were found and release near the bombardments which means that the H2O quality in that country was suited for them. The MDBC claimed that these two aims were achieved. However, the absence of the control site made some of these groundss weak. LMP prosperity will go a weak grounds of ecological status betterment without any control site. Furthermore, there is no effort to warrant some of these betterments by comparing with the other impact on the other similar sites. The Living Murray Program and Salinity Issues Reducing the salt degree is of import and needs committedness from all histrions: persons, communities and authorities. Many research reported that the salt degree continue to increase along the river. Several betterments in irrigation system and direction, H2O distribution system and salt interception system seem fail to get by the salt issues. The addition Numberss of irrigation system along the river significantly increase the salt degree in the river ( Schrobback et al. 2008 ) . Human activity within 40 kilometers is believed to be the ground to this addition every bit good. The salt in the River Murray largely came from the shallow dirt. Deforestation and flora remotion from the shallow dirt land caused the salt entered into the river ( Quiggin. 1988 ) . The monitoring plan showed the informations that there was no consistent increasing in salt degree in the South Lagoon. The salt in the South Lagoon is 2 to 3 times of the saltwater and it was still in that scope. This is means that the LMP is non affected in cut downing salt in the Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth. Figure 2. The Five Barrages in Murray Mouth, Coorong, and Lower Lakes ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2007 ) Five bombardments were built in the Coorong, Murray Mouth, and Lower Lakes. Those are Goolwa, Mundoo, Boundary Creek, Ewe Island and Tauwitchere. The chief intent of the bombardments were to insulate the fresh H2O in the Lower lakes and the Murray River. Furthermore, these bombardments were meant to take downing down the salt degree in the lower River Murray and Lakes ; bracing the river degree ; concentrating the flow to the sea to a peculiar country during low flows and to keeping the pool H2O to be pumped for Adelaide ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2008 ) . Since the dredging undertaking in 2003, the best tidal scope has been making the Murray Mouth estuaries. However, the bombardments did non run into the mark since they merely had a low freshening impact on the country near the bombardments. There is no important grounds on salt degree after the 640GL of H2O released in 2005 and 2006. The deficiency of attending on monitoring and mensurating the salt degree worsen the grounds that the LMP merely had a minor affect on the H2O quality. The other aim in presenting back the H2O of the LMP in this icon site was supplying more frequent estuarine fish spawning. The MDBC claimed that this nonsubjective partly meets the mark since the figure of estuarial addition during the releases but in the South Lagoon the status was still saline. Furthermore, the last aim was heightening the bird home ground. The mark was achieved in winter but exceeded in summer. However, the salt in the Lakes was still high except during the releases. These groundss show that the bombardments system in influence the salt degree, even though the consequence was minor, their public presentation in commanding the releases is of import. There were failings and strengths in the bombardments releases method like addition in apprehension of the reaction of the Coorong and surround country to the low flow of H2O ; the grounds that show the accomplishable benefit from let go ofing H2O less than 750 GL ; addition in understanding on the sum of H2O needed to blush anoxic deposit and the importance of let go ofing the H2O from Gatess in different bombardments. In order to let go of fresh and oxygenated H2O to come in Coorong ; sand dredging method and bombardment release, method commanding the H2O degree in the lower lakes and at the same clip maintaining the Murray Mouth unfastened, are used to pull strings the lake degree. The benefit of such method is comparatively broad, non merely for the wading bird bird home ground but besides human activities such as irrigation and domestic usage. The bombardment method can besides be used for cut downing the salt degree of the H2O in other countries like in Lake Alexandria and Lake Albert. Manipulating the H2O degree in Lake Albert can do the saline H2O to flux outside the lake and cut down the salt degree. The bombardment theoretical account is proven to be able to cut down the salt degree in the Goolwa, Mundo and Coorong channels. Prior to the H2O release from the bombardment in September 2003, preliminary research had been indicated that non or minimum connectivity between Goolwa and Tauwitchere to the Murray river had increased the degree of salination, stagnancy and besides had increased the temperature degree of the H2O every bit good as lowered the degree of dissolved O. This event was conducted by joint cooperation of river operators, research workers from SARDI and besides the natural resource directors. The event occurred in 2003 has impacted positively to the environment since it outflows and freshened the Murray Mouth country by blending the H2O in North laguna. In add-on, the estuarial status had been established for a short clip together with the impermanent proviso of foods and phytoplankton in North Lagoon. Such event besides caused the Black Beam fish larvae being collected which suggested that the flow might haveA caused spawning. Figure 3. Barrages in Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2008 ) Even though the impact of such event was really short, it was a difficult grounds of how barrage method can be really successful. The similar event was so repeated in August 2004. The bombardment method shown that bombardment flows of at least 2,000 ML/day and may keep the Murray Mouth to be opened comparatively and besides prevent sand to ingress. It is besides shown that ‘scouring ‘ of sand from the oral cavity did non happen with big volumes. Finally, direction system of fluxing H2O through bombardment has to be focused on the attempt to forestall H2O from come ining the oral cavity alternatively of taking sand after its being formatted inside.A The Water Quality Monitoring Program ( WQMP ) The WQMP is a plan aims to bring forth study and appraisal on the River Murray H2O quality that can be used as ushers and recommendation in plan constitution in the river direction system. The WQMP started its activity in 1978 in roll uping bio chemicals informations from the river on 36 sites. Statistically, between 15 to 18 bio-chemicals parametric quantities are measured every hebdomad along the length of Boundary Creek, which located between Mundo Island and Eve Island, in six monitoring sites. The WQMP provides the information sing the salt in several periods of clip from 1978 to 2000. However, it did non supply the information of H2O quality after the LMP is delivered. However, in relation to the LMP plan, the WQMP information is utile as a comparing of the information before and after the LMP plan. It besides helps in supplying the recommendation on the current direction to better the wellness of the river particularly sing icon site. Figure 4: The Water Quality Monitoring Program ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2009 ) The consequence of H2O trying from six supervising sites indicates that the 24 hr freshening activity, which occurred between 25th of August and the 27th of October 2005, A had maintain the salt degree below saltwater salt. In add-on the salt readings had indicated that the 1 m tide did non perforate past the oral cavity of boundary brook on the first September. In 14th of October, high tide indicated that some estuarial H2O was able to force up Boundary brook despite the influence was merely less than 200 m ( Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2009 ) . Decision The LMP is a plan run by three provinces in Australia that aims to retrieve and better the River Murray status that will profit all Australian by maintaining the natural being of the river which has economic sciences, ecology and cultural values. Many species and native species rely on the river and a low H2O quality on the river will do important consequence on the life things includes human along the river. Salt is a immense job for the River Murray since the natural feature of this river is already saline. Human activities over two centuries increase the salt degree of the H2O and cut down its quality. In Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth, the salt jobs is significantly act uponing the ecology and environmental conditions since the country is the lowest terminal of the flow that influenced by the human activities in the upper watercourse. The LMP is non supplying the existent and specific informations on salt degree in this country. Furthermore, the aims of this icon site are largely to better the life status for the birds and fishes. The prosperity of the LMP can be seen from the salt degree as an of import indexs in WQMP. The before and after informations was provided by the WQMP ; nevertheless, the LMP did non go on supervising the salt degree, hence the prosperity of LMP is non evidently recorded by the clear informations. The absence of the control site is one of the failings of the LMP. Without comparing the alterations in the wedged site to the control citation, the alterations can non be seen as strong grounds on the prosperity of the LMP. As the whole plan, LMP give good alterations in bettering environmental conditions of the river in Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth. However, the grounds was non clear plenty in depicting LMP prosperity to cut down salt job of this icon site. Abbreviations and acronyms EWMP: Environmental Works and Measures Program GL: Gigalitre ( 1 billion liters ) ICM: Integrated Catchment Management MDBMC: Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council NAPSWQ: National Action Plan for Salinity and Water Quality TLMP: The Living Murray Program MDB: Murray-Darling Basin How to cite Analysing Salinity In The River Murray Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Four Dimensions of Human Resource Management Practice Essay Example

Four Dimensions of Human Resource Management Practice Essay Human resource environment is a great factor which can directly affects employees morale and productivity if not properly managed. After internal and external environmental factors are well taken care of, employee can concentrate on their task at hand. A positive and friendly environment makes work more enjoyable for the employee and it help to develop sense of belonging to the organization. Areas of the management of human resource environment includes Strategic human resource management which combined human resource practices with organizations business policies to helps the organization to achieve its goal. It involves a pattern of planned human resource deployment and activity which can improved the organizations productivity. Next, we need to ensure that the organizations human resources management practices are complied with federal, states and countrys law. As the organization is set-up for business. Policies are being developed to support its operations. We need to determined if these policies are legal with the legislative and regulatory agencies of the country. This is critical to the organization as legal issues can affects organizations operation and become a burden to organizations success and survival. Lastly, we look at design and review of jobs that can motivates and satisfies the employee and therefore, increasing productivity and maximizes customer service with better quality of work. With motivated and satisfied employee, there will not be much changes of the companys human resource as people are happy with their work and unlikely to leave the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Four Dimensions of Human Resource Management Practice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Four Dimensions of Human Resource Management Practice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Four Dimensions of Human Resource Management Practice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This result in a reduction in resources need to train new employee annually. Acquiring and preparing human resources As customer needs for new product and services, organizations need to forecast the number of employees need and type of workers that meets the demand. Organization have to measure its present human resources configuration and relates it to future demand. Base on its knowledge of the workers personality, organizations need to decide on termination of service for unproductive employee, promotion and also plan for employees retirement. Getting the right people to replace them can be quite challenging task. This area includes recruitment, employee selection, human resource planning and training for workers to perform their task. They have to keep a lookout for potential individual who are able to deliver what customer wants. It is important to minimize errors in selection and placement of employee as it affects the organization ability to compete with rivals and also the applicants life. Employee will not do well in wrong area of job scope allocated and will in future become a burden to the company and effects ones social life. Training helps employee to develop skills which is need to perform for task base on organization requirement. As the employee can do his job well, he will become positive and motivated to make more contribution for the company and therefore, improve productivity. Assessment and development of human resources Managers and employee have the necessary skills to perform current job and to develop new skills to be able to cope with future assignment as more advance method of operation and technology have been introduced to the organization. In this area of human resources management, we need to measure the employees performance in term of weakness and strength and plan necessary development for them. Preparing the employee for future work roles and resolve any issue that is affecting them in work. We also need to ensure that employee have the competencies necessary for the task for organizations present and future operation. Educating employee with organizations long term goals and values in the industry. Develop interest for employee to work for the organization, creating a relationship between the organization and the employee. Justification for productive employee by promotion and bonus will retain them from competitors. Discipline and layoff unproductive employee as they are obstructive to organization progress and fellow employee. The objective is to achieve an ideal employment relationship and working environment that will benefit both the company and employee. Compensating human resources Pay and benefits are used to reward employees contribution to the company and also to attracts new workers. Other than interests in work, the next incentives that workers look forward to is pay and benefit. Positive influence on new work design, new technology and quality demands on production can be damaged if employee are compensated unfairly. This area of human resources management includes creating of a good pay system, reward employee contributions and provide them with benefits for working in the company. Using salary and benefits to recognize and reward employee base on performance, seniority and skills will helps to retain experience and productive personnel. Frequent change of employee will result in a slow down in companys operation as they are lack of experience and cohesiveness.

The Marshallese and Nuclear Weapon Testing

The Marshallese and Nuclear Weapon Testing Military progress is the aim of at least every country in the world. Many nations have invested a lot of money in research and development of various weapons that will enhance the security of the country as a whole. In the effort to come up with the perfect weapons, it becomes necessary for any country to test whether their weapons are of the right quality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Marshallese and Nuclear Weapon Testing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, weapons have various effects when tested and they have to be tested where they would cause minimum effects to human beings. In the period between 1946 and1958, the United States of America used the Marshall Islands to test for its nuclear weapons. However, this caused a lot of negative effects to the natives who had to change their ways of life besides looking for other ways of coping with the situation. It is important to point out that the Un ited States of America did not reveal to Marshallese the exact effects that nuclear weapons would have on their lives. Nonetheless, the gravity of the testing soon downed on the people of Marshall Islands. To begin with, the blasts completely destroyed some islands which were hitherto residential areas for the Marshallese. Instead, huge craters were formed especially in the lagoons. This meant that the people would no longer have their land though they had been promised that their land was to be given back to them (Barker 20). Moreover, several coral Islands were completely broken up as a result of the nuclear testing that was carried out. Similarly, radioactive fallout resulted after the crushed corals and water mixed with the radioactive particles that were released. The other effects that the Marshallese people suffered as a result of nuclear weapon testing had to do with the high levels of radiations that were released. Firstly, the radiations were freely released into the atmos phere. Consequently, people inhaled these radiations into their bodies (Barker 24). Secondly, the radiations stuck on various plants including the coconut plants where the Marshallese got the oil they applied on their skin and hair. Additionally, radiations were ingested by young children who thought it was snow. Furthermore, the food and water that people were using also got contaminated with the radiations. These radiations have been associated with several health problems that have affected the Marshallese people including cancer, typhoid and reproductive health problems (Barker 28). It is worth noting that these effects have gone beyond the first generation. Additionally, before any testing was commenced, people were relocated to other areas. These compelled the people to change not only their economic activities given that they were taken to areas where agriculture was not possible, but also their way of life. Moreover, these people had to depend on subsidy food from the U.S. g overnment thus compelling them to change their diet (Barker 25).Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Besides, the food issued by the U.S. government contained a lot of fats and sodium which exposed the Marshallese people to various health hazards. Similarly, the displaced people were forced to change their cultural and political activities. As a matter of fact, the Marshallese people had to change their cultural songs, their traditional diet as well as other rituals after they were displaced (Barker 27). Despite the effects that the Marshallese people suffered due to the nuclear weapon testing, they have found ways of dealing with the situation. Firstly, the Marshall Islands tried to petition the United Nations in the year 1954 and 1957 in a move that was aimed at seeking address to the effects that the natives were suffering. On the same note, the Marshallese people have learn t on how to lobby the congress and work with the executive branch so as to influence the U.S. government policy on radiological issues in the Marshall Islands. This is aimed at getting the U.S. government to support the people who were affected. On the same note, the Republic of Marshall Island and the U.S. government agreed in the 177 Agreement that the United States will compensate the people who got affected by the nuclear testing. In addition, the U.S. government agreed to run medical programs in aid of the victims though there are some restrictions imposed (Barker 28).  Due to the unproductive nature of the land after the testing, the Marshallese people have learnt to change their diet. They depend on subsidized food that is provided by the government of America. Moreover, some areas have had soil and plants stripped off prompting the return of the Marshallese. However, they have had to start their lives from scratch and use intensive agricultural methods to try and restore t he soil and plants (Barker 27). The formation of the nuclear claims tribunal was also an important strategy to lobby for compensation. The nuclear testing is a clear case of intercultural conflicts where the United States wanted to enhance its weapons while the Marshallese simply wanted to maintain their peaceful livelihood. Using its influence, the United States got its way and tested the weapons knowing pretty well that the same had dire consequences on the natives. Notably, U.S. took advantage of the fact that Marshallese people were not well educated and thus did not reveal the exact effects of their intended exercise. However, we should ask ourselves whether it is okay for a cultural group to advance its egocentric objectives at the expense of others. Culture is very essential for the lives of people in the world. Various cultures define various things differently and place differing weights on everything. Consequently, there is bound to be intercultural conflict whenever peopl e from different cultural backgrounds interact.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Marshallese and Nuclear Weapon Testing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People will always have different perspectives regarding given ideas. Moreover, each cultural group will always have diverse priorities.  Nevertheless, it is important to know that there is no superior culture. All cultures are equal and people should be free to practice their culture. People should learn to appreciate the diversity in culture and respect other people’s believes. In advancing their interests, people and by extension countries should take care so as not to interfere with other people’s ways of life. While we should be ready to defend our culture, we should not do it in an ethnocentric way that jeopardizes other people’s way of doing things. The United States of America was not ready to displace its own citizens to create tes ting fields. However, they took advantage of the remoteness of Marshall Islands to test their nuclear weapons displacing people in the process and disregarding the imminent negative effects (Barker 27). When we learn that all people are equal human beings regardless of their cultural background, then we will be able to throw intercultural conflicts in the dustbin of oblivion. Work Cited Barker, Holly M. Bravo for the Marshallese: regaining Control in a Post-Nuclear, Post-Colonial World. Stanford: Cengage Learning, 2012. Print.

Great Locomotive Chase in the American Civil War

Great Locomotive Chase in the American Civil War The Great Locomotive Chase took place April 12, 1862, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Also known as the Andrews Raid, the mission saw civilian scout James J. Andrews lead a small force of disguised Union soldiers south to Big Shanty (Kennesaw), GA with the goal of stealing a locomotive and sabotaging the Western Atlantic Railroad between Atlanta, GA and Chattanooga, TN. Though they successfully captured the the locomotive General, Andrews and his men were quickly pursued and proved unable to do meaningful damage to the railroad. Forced to abandon General near Ringgold, GA, all of the raiders were ultimately captured by Confederate forces. Background In early 1862, Brigadier General Ormsby Mitchel, commanding Union troops in central Tennessee, began planning to advance on Huntsville, AL before attacking towards the vital transportation hub of Chattanooga, TN. Though eager to take the latter city, he lacked sufficient forces to block any Confederate counterattacks from Atlanta, GA to the south. Moving north from Atlanta, Confederate forces could quickly arrive in the Chattanooga area by using the Western Atlantic Railroad. Aware of this issue, civilian scout James J. Andrews proposed a raid designed sever the rail connection between the two cities. This would see him lead a force south to seize a locomotive. Steaming north, his men would destroy tracks and bridges in their wake. Andrews had proposed a similar plan to Major General Don Carols Buell earlier in the spring which called for a force to destroy railroads in western Tennessee. This had failed when the engineer did not appear at the designated rendezvous. Approving Andrews scheme, Mitchel directed him to select volunteers from Colonel Joshua W. Sills brigade to aid in the mission. Selecting 22 men on April 7, he was also joined by experienced engineers William Knight, Wilson Brown, and John Wilson. Meeting with the men, Andrews directed them to be in Marietta, GA by midnight on April 10. Great Railroad Chase Conflict: American Civil War (1861-1865)Dates: April 12, 1862Forces Commanders:UnionJames J. Andrews26 menConfederacyVariousCasualties:Union: 26 capturedConfederates: None Moving South Over the next three days, the Union men slipped through the Confederate lines disguised in civilian attire. If questioned, they had been provided with a cover story explaining that they were from Fleming County, KY and were looking for a Confederate unit in which to enlist. Due to heavy rains and rough travel, Andrews was forced to delay the raid by a day. All but two of the team arrived and were in a position to begin operations on April 11. Meeting early the next morning, Andrews issued final instructions to his men which called for them to board the train and sit in the same car. They were to do nothing until the train reached Big Shanty at which point Andrews and the engineers would take the locomotive while the others uncoupled most of the trains cars. James J. Andrews. Public Domain Stealing General Departing Marietta, the train arrived in Big Shanty a short time later. Though the depot was surrounded by Confederate Camp McDonald, Andrews had selected it as the point for taking over the train as it did not have a telegraph. As a result, the Confederates at Big Shanty would have to ride to Marietta in order to alert the authorities farther north. Shortly after the passengers disembarked to take breakfast at the Lacey Hotel, Andrews gave the signal. While he and the engineers boarded the locomotive, named General, his men uncoupled the passenger cars and jumped into three box cars. Applying the throttle, Knight began to ease the train out of the yard. As the train pulled out of Big Shanty, its conductor, William A. Fuller, saw it depart through the window of the hotel. The Chase Begins Raising the alarm, Fuller began to organize a pursuit. Up the line, Andrews and his men were nearing Moons Station. Pausing, they cut the nearby telegraph line before proceeding. In an effort not to arouse suspicion, Andrews directed the engineers to move at a normal speed and to maintain the trains normal schedule. After passing through Acworth and Allatoona, Andrews stopped and had his men remove a rail from the tracks. Though time-consuming, they were successful and placed it in one of the box cars. Pushing on, they crossed the large, wooden railroad bridge over the Etowah River. Reaching the other side, they spotted the locomotive Yonah which was on spur line running to nearby iron works. Despite it being surrounded by men, Knight recommended destroying the engine as well as the Etowah bridge. Unwilling to start a fight, Andrews declined this advice despite the bridge being a target of the raid. Fullers Pursuit Having seen General depart, Fuller and other members of the trains crew began running after it. Reaching Moons Station on foot, they were able to obtain a handcar and continued down the line. Derailed at the stretch of damaged track, they were able to place the handcar back on the rails and reached Etowah. Finding Yonah, Fuller took over the locomotive and moved it onto the main line. As Fuller raced north, Andrews and his men paused at Cass Station to refuel. While there, he informed one of the station employees that they were carrying ammunition north for General P.G.T. Beauregards army. To aid the trains progress, the employee gave Andrews the days train schedule. Steaming into Kingston, Andrews, and General were forced to wait for over an hour. This was due to the fact that Mitchel had not delayed his offensive and Confederate trains were racing towards Huntsville. Shortly after General departed, Yonah arrived. Unwilling to wait for the tracks to clear, Fuller and his men switched to the locomotive William R. Smith which was on the other side of the traffic jam. To the north, General paused to cut the telegraph lines and remove another rail. As the Union men finished their work, they heard the whistle of William R. Smith in the distance. Passing a southbound freight train, pulled by the locomotive Texas, at Adairsville, the raiders became concerned about being pursued and increased their speed. Texas Gains To the south, Fuller spotted the damaged tracks and succeeded in halting William R. Smith. Leaving the locomotive, his team moved north on foot until meeting Texas. Taking over the train, Fuller had it move in reverse to Adairsville where the freight cars were uncoupled. He then continued chasing General with just Texas. Stopping again, Andrews cut the telegraph wires north of Calhoun before proceeding to the Oostanaula Bridge. A wood structure, he had hoped to burn the bridge and efforts were made using one of the box cars. Though a fire was started, the heavy rain of past several days prevented it from spreading to the bridge. Leaving the burning box car, they departed. The Mission Fails Shortly thereafter, they saw Texas arrive on the span and push the box car off the bridge. In an attempt to slow Fullers locomotive, Andrews men threw railroad ties on the tracks behind them but with little effect. Though quick fuel stops were made at Greens Wood Station and Tilton for wood and water, the Union men were unable to fully replenish their stocks. After passing through Dalton, they again cut the telegraph lines but were too late to prevent Fuller from getting a message through to Chattanooga. Racing through Tunnel Hill, Andrews was unable to stop to damage it due to the proximity of Texas. With the enemy nearing and Generals fuel nearly depleted, Andrews directed his men to abandon the train just short of Ringgold. Jumping to the ground, they scattered into the wilderness. Aftermath Fleeing the scene, Andrews and all of his men began moving west toward the Union lines. Over the next several days, the entire raiding party was captured by Confederate forces. While the civilian members of Andrews group were considered unlawful combatants and spies, the entire group was charged with acts of unlawful belligerency. Tried in Chattanooga, Andrews was found guilty and hanged in Atlanta on June 7. Seven others were later tried and hanged on June 18. Of the remainder, eight, who were concerned about meeting a similar fate, successfully escaped. Those who remained in Confederate custody were exchanged as prisoners of war on March 17, 1863. Many of the members of the Andrews Raid were among the first to receive the new Medal of Honor. Though a dramatic series of events, the Great Locomotive Chase proved a failure for Union forces. As a result, Chattanooga did not fall to Union forces until September 1863 when it was taken by Major General William S. Rosecrans. Despite this setback, April 1862 saw notable successes for Union forces as Major General Ulysses S. Grant won the Battle of Shiloh and Flag Officer David G. Farragut captured New Orleans.

Self Analysis Leadership Profile Project Assignment

Self Analysis Leadership Profile Project - Assignment Example In the â€Å"EQ at a Glace† assessment, my total EQ (Emotional Quotient) score is 54 that belongs to the above average level that is 51-60. The five types of scores in this category were; Intrapersonal Components, Interpersonal Components, Adaptability Components, Stress Tolerance Components, and General Mood Components. The average of my Interpersonal Score is 3.6. The average of Interpersonal Score 3.3. The average score for the Adaptability was 3.3. My average General Mood, and Stress Tolerance Components were all 4. Both General Mood and Stress Tolerance Components scores were in the high range level. My dominant score for this assessment was Stress Tolerance Components. This indicates that I’m a self-driven person capable of tasks completion even under stressful conditions. I can work persistently even when there is dim optimism, I never give up. At the beginning of last semester, I had a lot of work juggling between family, work and study. I had signed up for a new course when I got a job promotion that required me to take up a lot of my time. This left me with no time for me or my family. However, I struggled persistently until I was able to balance my work, give my family quality time and still manage to get A’s for my course. The least dominant score for this assessment is Adaptability Components. I got a 3.3 for this assessment. I have difficulties adapting to different situations in the short run and this ends up wasting a lot of my time and resources. At the beginning of this course, my friends felt that I was much suited for it and will get great scores, but I was very pessimistic until I proved myself wrong by performing excellently. My action plan for this assessment will involve activities and a plan that will help me in better decision making that will enhance my self-motivation and increase my optimism. I will record all my tasks and activities I have

Introdution To Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Introdution To Management - Case Study Example d with a business opting for operating from another location; more often these include low cost, higher quality, lower risk, lower employee turnover, higher profits, to bring about a change in the way business is done, etc. The parent company’s goals can be varied, and accordingly the goals and objectives of outsourced company are laid (Bangeman, 2005). Exactly for these reasons, Gail Lee, the managing director of Melbourne’s fashion retailer, Leethal Fashion Accessories, offshored some of its business to India; this included creation of ready-to-wear garments based on Australian designs that were sent by Leethal Fashion Accessories and also imported jewelry to be sold in local departmental stores. Besides the reasons for this business offshoring, LFA had to face some issues with respect to receiving the completed products on time due to delay in transport. Other issues were caused due to language and cultural barriers, which sometimes lead to misinterpretations and misunderstanding in the business dealing. These issues lower the confidence of Australian entrepreneurs in Indian business systems; yet, the huge difference in labour costs tends to outweigh losses caused by other issues (Hatch, 2006). Indian economy is diverse, and ranges from traditional village farming to modern manufacturing and services. The contribution of services sector is said to be the maximum to the growth of India’s economy, which indicates availability of surplus labour. Statistics indicate that major portion of the services is provided by the English-speaking educated people in the field of Information Technology in the form of software services export (Rushton & Walker, 2007). Another major contributor to the economy is the small-scale industry segment which plays a pivotal role in employment generation with low capital investment. Estimates indicate that over 18 million people are employed in this industrial segment (John, M.S, 2002). Cottage industries are mostly run by

Strategic Management At Honda

Strategic Management At Honda With over 182,000 employees, Â ¥ 10,011, 241 million in annual revenues in 2009 coupled with upwards of $ 1370.1 million$ and 1896.4 in operating profits for the FY 2008 and 2009 respectively, Japans Honda is easily the industrys biggest manufactures of motor cycles, besides being a among the leading automobile producers. Operating across the globe, Honda is involved in the development, manufacturing as well as marketing and distribution of motor cars, motor cycles and a range other power products (Honda Ltd, 2010). It was founded in 1946, by Soichiro Honda and subsequently incorporated two years later, followed by years of success and growth as a motor cycle maker. Away from its core business, the companys 105 affiliates and 396 subsidiaries across the world provide financial services to thousands of its clients. It operates a four tier business model which includes the financial services division, motorcycle, automobile as well as power products (Honda Ltd, 2010). Besides multi wagons, Honda also produces a range of passenger cars, SUVs, mini vans, passenger cars, mini vehicles as well as sports coupes among others. Hondas flagship car and motor cycle models include the Accord, Civic, Legend, Insight, Acura CSX and Acura RL, CR-V, Cross Road, ASIMO Robots as well as the scooters among many others. The company recorded sales of over 10,114,000 units mainly in Japan, North America and Europe, representing an 8.5% rise over the previous years figures. Its sales have been on the rise despite through the global economic down turn that hit its American competitors, and largely driven by Toyotas PR woes over alleged flaws in the breaking system in its flagship Prius model. This success is largely attributable to the company strategic preparedness. Case in point, in 2002, it launched a hybrid car model to tap into the ever growing environmentally conscious clientele, besides launching the Environmental Learning Center (based in Texas), while in 2004, the company entered into a strategic partnership with GE, that led into the development and production of a trail blazing light jet engine, suited for business jets. Sethi and Swanson (1984), commencing in the year 2000, the company has embarked on an ambitious program to set up production plants in the emerging car and motor cycle markets, notably China, Argentina, Russia and the motor bike hot spot, Vietnam. The company prides itself with the twin principles of respect individuals and the Three Joys Principle i.e. buying, selling as well creating. These values reflect the company does wish to build on each persons unique abilities and its endeavor to ensure that everyone who comes by purchasing the products or by other means should have a great/joyous experience. Honda ensures this by relentlessly, lead in the creation of value, innovation, new products at accessible prices. RECONCILIATION OF DICHOTOMIES Honda ltds strategic innovation is founded on a process of dichotomies reconciliation which include both learning and planning, positioning on the market vs. internal resources development and lastly, core competencies related to the product against the core capabilities related to the processes. These three dichotomies do representing divergent strategies etc that drive Honda as a company since its establishment and through years of exemplary growth and expansion. De Wit Meyer (2010), assert that a critical look at Hondas strategies points especially its successful entry and dominance of new markets raises questions as to whether, Hondas strategy and subsequent decision making is solidly based on a meticulous, analytical and rational planning or whether its strategies are a direct result of the some decisions/ strategies reached at by the company, which evolved or became modified due to the environmental influences of the industry in which the company operates. PLANNING v. LEARNING While designing its strategies, the company has consistently followed a rational approach based on a critical analysis of the market and the industry environment. This strategy hinges on and it suited for a seasoned industry player such as Honda, since it seeks to built on, and exploit the companys immense experience in the automotive industry (Johnson et al., 2005). As a strategy, this is an important bottom up strategy that uses the already gained knowledge to optimize the companys needs. Planning takes into consideration both the companys resources as well as the environmental factors, as such will most likely utilize the companys set objectives within the constraints. Hondas largely seen as having successfully employed the planning strategy while entering into new markets notably while launching into the US motor cycle industry. Its recent strategic alliances with GE as well as its design and launch of innovative new products and expansion of manufacturing plants, in the ultimate attainment of huge scale economies and extremely law costs represent examples of internal planning. Planning is largely apparent from an outsiders point of view. However, interviews with the companys top management reveal a far different picture that suggests at best a company that is far from an overly rational, academic planning seeking to impose its corporate values and policies on the market and the industry, but rather a company, with a management structure that is at all times willing to learn. It is evident and widely accepted by many observers that Hondas strategies have evolved, without a clear plan or analysis of the industry. Case in point, the huge success attained by the companys 50 cc Supercab surprised everyone including the companys management. Mintzberg et al. (1998) observe that though the companys strategy may have looked analytical and well thought out, the management did blunder severally up until the market gave them the correct formula. Rational planning on its own is hardly, suited to many organizations and is in fact removed from the day to day running of a business as compared to learning, which permits management to continually develop and adjust their policies and strategies as they are implemented, in the light of new experience (De Wit Meyer, 2010). Hondas development of hybrid vehicles and energy efficient models e.g. the Honda Civic Sedan, in the wake of Toyotas success in the same field represent examples of learning from the environment. Honda has as well launched joint ventures in RD with other companies. Using both strategies gives the company an advantage, not least because it only allows the formulation of strategies that best meet both the internal resources as well as the environmental factors prevailing in the industry. POSITIONING VERSUS DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL RESOURCES Hondas positioning helps its brand to be associated with a given market segment. It is an equally helpful guide to the companys other strategies, particularly the marketing strategy, not least because it does clarify the essence of the brand and the helps the consumers to better identify the goals that the product seeks to meet in a unique way. In positioning a product or brand, managers must make decisions, seeking to appeal a given segment of the population, while at once risking losing the other(s). Honda has placed its various products on the basis of benefit, target, distribution as well as prices. The company offers competitive prices owing to its scale and technology advantages, which in turn permits it to achieve better client franchises. This strategy does however; affect the prestige of the brand, besides reducing the profit margins. Target, distribution and benefit positioning, that has seen the introduction of green models to serve the needs of green conscious clients, co upled by Hondas expansion into India, China and Vietnam, which was entirely meant at catering for emerging middle class in those countries. As against, development of internal resources, Hondas product positioning allows it to use fewer resources but still reach the target markets. It however, has enormous resources in capital, management, cutting production technology as well as manpower, which have driven the companys expansion across the globe. More investment in RD is, and has been possible, leading to greater innovation. While other smaller industry players struggle with limited resources constraining their RD as well as expansion, bigger companies like Honda, Toyota and GM can attain a better edge in the industry. Hondas has been able to pursue both strategies owing to the availability of niche products that it has successfully positioned e.g. motor bikes in Vietnam (over 400,000 units in annual sales), coupled by its huge availability of resources which allows it rope for RD, diversification and expansion. This does not entirely hold though, Honda spends just a fifth of GM expenditure on RD and launches fewer mode ls than the latter, yet it products/models are more successful than GMs. CORE COMPETENCIES VERSUS CORE CAPABILITIES Competencies are as a result of coordination of multiple production skills as well as a complex coordination of numerous technologies. They give a company access to newer markets; provide high barriers for competitors to enter the market, besides contributing considerably to the benefits of the end product(s). Hondas core competencies as regards products are the driving force behind the development of the numerous, innovative end user products. Hamel Prahalad regard Hondas product competencies as a brilliant example of how a small company can break into, and establish itself in a mature, stable market. In 2010 alone, Honda has set up a solar H2 station (Los Angeles), introduced the versatile iGX and GX engine series for general purposes. The company has as well produced lithium-ion based batteries intended for the new range of hybrid motor vehicles, alongside an ELC to spear head its green agenda. Honda is famed for its ability to recycle technologies in all its range of products, affording it RD efficiency. There are elements of core capabilities associated with its processes, but perhaps far lacking behind Toyota and many other industry players. These include efficient distribution channels, cost effective production processes. It trains dealers, determines shop floor plans and has strict operating procedures among others. Core product competencies in the automobile industry are far superior to the process capabilities and Hondas success is an outstanding testimony to this fact. MANAGEMENT STYLES Japanese and Hondas management styles do differ from the American style in at least six distinct aspects. These include differences in the interdepartmental relationships, communication patterns, and supervisory styles, mechanisms for control as well as existence of, or lack of a paternalistic orientation. According to Hofstede (2004), these differences largely stem from the inherent cultural differences between the two countries, which in turn influence the respective corporate cultures. Lifelong Tenure Most of the companies in Japan do provide lifelong jobs to their employees, with greater emphasis being laid on not age, but also seniority. Promotions are thus much more difficult, just as there is greater job security for the workers. Many organizations effectively hire employees for the, and are interested in the long term objectives as against Americas corporate worlds obsession with short term goals. Case in point, Hondas top management i.e. Satoshi Aoki (Chairman), Takanobu Ito, Koichi Kondo and Atsuyoshi Hyogo joined the company in 1968, 1978, 2000 and 1972 respectively, during which time they have risen through the ranks to reach the top management. On the contrary, the western corporate world is characterized by short term contracts for both managers and workers, charged with meeting short term objectives. Teams v. Individuals In contrast with the Western model where managers are responsible for decision making and subsequently accountable for the decisions reached, the Japanese system recognizes the importance of individual expertise, but the performance of the entire team is more emphasized than an individuals. In the western corporate world (Germany and American), certain employees have the star statuses e.g. in Germany, the engineers play central roles to the success of motor companies. Some elements of convergence exist though. Long apprenticeships and cadres (seniorities in Japan) do exist both in Germany, France as well as the Netherlands. Employees attain positions, promotions etc. through years of internships, apprenticeships or memberships to given classes-attained through education and or experience. Decision Making While most western corporations are characterized by top down decision making, the Japanese style of management is largely characterized by collective decision making by individual teams. Hondas decision making is characterized by the Ringi system, where decisions are passed based on a consensus of all the employees in a department or even the entire organization. This management style is identical to that practiced in Holland, except that the latter is anchored on existing contracts or class differences of among the employees. Communication As against the largely bureaucratic communication, hierarchical channels characterizing western corporations, which is largely effective and efficient, the Japanese channels of communication compromise in large part of face-to-face communication. These comprise everything from provision of information regarding assignment of tasks, responsibilities, organizational goals and the development and rechanneling of feedbacks. Implicit Mechanism of Control Honda ltd is concerned with building of its relationships with it biggest assets, the employees. Inspired by its philosophy Respect for the Individual, the company always seeks to develop collaborative relationships with each and every employee, where all mechanisms of control and supervision are largely informal. Supervisors work alongside other employees, who are involved, the decision making, which in turn renders decision making, execution of decisions and reception of feedback a lot more expedient. On the contrary, Hondas competitors run on a rigid, formal control mechanism. This sets goals, measurable, complete with targets that must be met by departments, franchises and individual employees, while the Japanese system is anchored on the management philosophies that all employees as well as managers identify with. Departmental Relationships Pascale Athos (1981), states that attainment of the goals set for a department etc requires inputs not just from the concerned departments, but perhaps most importantly, close collaboration with other departments in the company or even other organizations. Formal (necessary) relationships largely accomplish these goals (characteristic of the western model), while the Japanese style has an extra dimension; voluntary collaboration which is far more productive and results in greater knowledge sharing. Paternalistic Orientation Honda and many other Japanese companies are concerned by the holistic needs of every employee, including the concern for the well being of their families (Culpan, 2009). This imposes a social support role on the managers, a feature which is largely absent in the western world, safe for a limited number of family organizations. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY With car markets in the developed world already saturated, most car companys are looking abroad in the emerging markets notably China, India and Brazil. A recent study by TNS shows that car buyers rate car makers more according to their CSR than those consumer in the first world, thus companies that perform better in this sphere stand a far greater chance of winning the hearts and minds of the new middle class is guaranteed success. In 2005, Honda was ranked the UKs best car company based on its social responsibility initiatives, by the foremost research company on automotives, TNS Automotive. It performs equally well in the US, Indonesia, Italy and Spain among other countries alongside BMW, Shell, Malaysias Petronas, Michelin and Germanys Porsche (Nissan Corp., 2010). Honda spent over 2.3% of its annual revenues in 2009, on its CSR commitments, with the environment taking the lions share of the budget. The company has undertaken numerous actions in an attempt to meet the challenges posed by global warming and climate change. With the reputation of the automobile industry and fossil fuels already damaged, due to its huge carbon footprints, and the growing fears among the public of air pollution, it is only reasonable that companies act in accordance to the wishes of the consumers. Honda has initiated the LCA system, which identifies and sets targets for the required actions. The company develops energy efficient models, adheres by the 3Rs (in design) and noise reduction etc. Hondas corporate governance is a typical Japanese style bottom down structure, characterized by collective decision making and a collective sense of belonging among to the company that in turn reflects on the companys performance (Honda Ltd, 2010). Any companys corporate governance does determine the direction that it assumes, which ultimately reflects on its financial performance. Nissans corporate philosophy, governance as well CSR activities are not different from Hondas. It seeks to bring enrichment of the peoples lives and the environment in which they operate. It has made CSR an important part of its corporate management policies. It has devised its green purchasing guidelines, coupled with Nissan-Renault Suppliers Guidelines, which ensure that the companys entire supply chain is green and serves the purposes of the policies set by its top management. Through its charitable arm, Chryslers management makes annual donations to needy communities, projects and causes (Chrysler, 2010). In 2009, the company advanced upwards of $100000 to Good Harvest geared at combating hunger. The companys CSR initiatives are not as extensive as both Nissan and Hondas partly because the company caters for the luxury market segments that are in the main concerned about the quality and luxury as against a companys CSR etc. CONCLUSIONS Honda is largely touted by observers and varied literatures in strategic management. Its strategies have largely been used either rightly or wrongly to back up a number of conceptual dichotomies, with contracting positions i.e. learning v. analytical planning, core capabilities v competencies etc. Most of these assumptions, and evidences have however, proven erroneous owing to empirical mistakes that result into the over emphasis of the companies strengths, while its mistakes go largely unnoticed. Further, strategies and explanations are expressed in form of reductionist, single-sided theories that largely fail to portray the actual strategic orientation of Honda. Hondas thrives on reconciling dichotomies. Thus many observers in the west have largely missed out in studying, learning from and understanding Honda. Rohlen (1974), it is evident that capabilities as well as competencies can possibly complement one another, forming into one theory. The latter does focus on the production expertise and technologies while the capabilities serving to improve the whole chain of value. Capabilities are far more visible and easily appreciated by the clients than are product competencies. Hondas ability to meet high targets and post tremendous growth rates is largely due to its tendency to set stretched targets, which brings into direct competition with the biggest players in the automotive industry. In order to compete, it uses its resource base to compete by either providing niche products or undercutting competitors on basis of cost advantages, attained through scale economies. This ability to leverage her resources offers the key to its success, as against the widely fabled Japanese management styles. This style is widely different from and more appealing that the western style corporate management is only suitable for the Japanese and Asian environments. There are aspects in both management styles that could beneficially be, and have largely been adopted by either side to the great advantage of the corporations, but not the complete management packages as they will be utter failures in the other ones environment (Schein, 1981). Finally, this report has demonstrated the importance of corporate governance, policy and CSR is important in the ever changing consumer tastes as well as preferences, and most importantly, increasing consumer awareness. RECOMMENDATIONS Increased spending and expansion of Hondas and other automotive companies in CSR, environmental protection and production of innovative environmentally friendly models should continue as the only way counter changing consumer needs as well as the changing times. The Western and Japanese styles of corporate management should be blended to suit both the practical and strategic objectives of each organization. Reconciliation of strategies is crucial for success and helps companies reap the benefits of divergent strategies, thus companies must seek common grounds between strategies rather than opting for only one.