Rhetorical Analysis Of Lloyd F. Bitzer s An Act

Josh Reynolds Dr. Esch English 111-07 October 8th, 2017 Ruff Life In the Rhetorical Situation, Lloyd F. Bitzer argues that what makes a situation rhetorical is similar to that which constitutes a moral action as he writes that, â€Å"an act is moral because it is an act performed in a situation of a certain kind; similarly, a work is rhetorical because it is a response to a situation of a certain kind†. (3) â€Å"By defining the rhetorical situation in this way, Bitzer further contends that rhetoric is a means to altering reality†. (4) â€Å"It is through the use of discourse that one is capable of changing reality through thought and action†. (4) â€Å"While Bitzer notes that there are more parameters for a situation to qualify as being rhetorical, he†¦show more content†¦Charleston Animal Society is involved with non-profit organizations that are working to make our world a better place. Whether it is working with children, the elderly, hurting bodies , hurting souls, or the environment, non-profit volunteers, workers, and organizations fight for justice, equality, and hope. In this case Charleston Animal Society works to fulfill its mission by caring for pet parents and pets, providing positive outcomes for at-risk animals, and serving all victims of animal cruelty. And just like any other important phenomenon, non-profiteering is a socially sustained reality. That is, it is made up of real-life people in real-life situations, working together to create and sustain an organization and hopefully working together to create positive change. Charleston Animal Society utilizes both its website and its television advertisements to encourage people to participate in the organization either by donating or adopting. Charleston Animal Society’s website’s organization, content, and layout work primarily to entice visitors to donate money. An examination of the webpage shows the site builders’ careful planning of the de sign elements. Visitors cannot avoid the large rectangle across the top of the page containing a slideshow of four different pictures. Each of the pictures, a close-up of a dog or cat that has been rescued by the organization, shows a pet with large and sad eyes, forcing the visitor to make eyeShow MoreRelated Robert Pirsigs Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance Essay5286 Words   |  22 Pagesan awareness and acceptance of how our emotions and values shape our experiences. Further, he shows that technology, a manifestation of our values, may be controlled only through emotional and moral commitment. A restorative rhetoric, on Pirsigs analysis is, then, one in which the passions and values are recognized as the very ground of being in and interpreting the world. The crisis of reason As he begins his Chautauqua, Robert Pirsig finds himself in a twofold crisis. He characterizesRead MoreModels of Communication7544 Words   |  31 Pages1972), Chapter 2, â€Å"Communication Models.† A.  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is a Model? 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mortensen: â€Å"In the broadest sense, a model is a systematic representation of an object or event in idealized and abstract form. Models are somewhat arbitrary by their nature. The act of abstracting eliminates certain details to focus on essential factors. . . . The key to the usefulness of a model is the degree to which it conforms--in point-by-point correspondence--to the underlying determinants of communicative behavior.† 2

Anatomy and Physiology of Body Systems Free Essays

string(31) " closer to internal organs 10\." Intermediate Apprenticeship in Health (Emergency Care Assistance) Edexcel L2 Diploma in Emergency Care Assistance (QCF) Unit 11 Anatomy and Physiology of Body Systems A/602/5038 Candidate Name: _Ashley Orwin____________________ Candidate Employer: ___________________ Unit Overview: This unit will give learners a basic understanding of how the body is organised – from cells up to systems. Learners will also gain an understanding of the components and functions of the main systems of the body, leading to further understanding of how illness or injury affects the normal functions of an organ or system. How you will be assessed for unit 12: This unit consists of one knowledge outcome which will be assessed via a workbook. We will write a custom essay sample on Anatomy and Physiology of Body Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Outcomes| Assessment| Criteria| 1. Know how body Systems are organised| Knowledge Workbook| 1. 1 Label the structure of a typical cell1. 2 Outline the definition of tissue1. 3 Outline the definition of an organ1. 4 Outline the definition of a body system1. 5 Define directional terms used in medicine1. 6 Label major organs within the body cavities| 2. Know the Functions of the Respiratory System| Knowledge Workbook| 2. 1 Describe the function of the respiratory system2. 2 Label the components of the respiratory tract2. Describe the structure of the lungs2. 4 Outline the process of respiration2. 5 Describe the initial management of asthma| 3. Know the function of the Cardiovascular System| Knowledge Workbook| 3. 1 Outline the role of thecardiovascular system3. 2 Label the structure of the heart3. 3 State the electrical conductionsystem of the heart3. 4 Describe the purpose of differenttypes of blood vessels3. 5Describe the properties of blood| 4. Know how the nervous system supports b ody functions| Knowledge Workbook| 4. 1 Outline the role of the nervoussystem4. 2 Identify the components of thenervous system| 5. Know how the skeletal system functions | Knowledge Workbook | 5. 1 Outline the role of the skeletalsystem5. 2 Label the bones of the skeleton5. 3 Describe the different types of skeletal joints5. 4 Outline the relationship between the muscular system and theskeleton| In order to pass this unit you must complete this workbook to a satisfactory standard. Should you have any difficulties with this workbook your clinical tutors will be happy to support you 1. Know how the body systems are organised. 1. 1: Label the structure of a typical cell Using the following diagram label the key component of the cell. Nucleolus Nucleolus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Nucleus Centriole Centriole Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Cell membrane Cell membrane Mitochondria Mitochondria Rough endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex Golgi complex 2. 2 Outline the definition of a tissue You need to describe the following types of tissue in your answer, epithelial, connective, nervous and muscle specifying how muscle is sub divided into both voluntary and involuntary giving appropriate examples. A collection of similar cells and the intercellular substances surrounding them. There are four basic kinds of tissue in the body: epithelium, connective tissues including adipose tissue, blood, bone, and cartilage, muscle tissue; and nerve tissue. Epithelial: Covers the whole surface of the body. It is made up of cells closely packed and ranged in one or more layers. This tissue is specialised to form the covering or lining of all internal or external body surfaces. Connective: Connective tissue serves a connecting function; it supports and binds other tissue. Nervous: nervous tissue is responsible for sensing stimuli and transmitting signals to and from different parts of an organism. Neurons are the basic unit of nervous tissue. Muscle tissue: has ability to relax and contrast and so brings about movement and mechanical work in various parts of the body. (Skeletal, smooth and cardiac) 1. 3 Outline the definition of an organ. An organ is a number of specialised tissues and cells that are formed together to form an organ which has a specific function within the body. E. g. the heart, use for carrying blood around the body. An organ is a number of specialised tissues and cells that are formed together to form an organ which has a specific function within the body. E. g. the heart, use for carrying blood around the body. You need to consider the following in your answer, namely how specialized tissues have both specialist functions or form a particular structure such as the heart or lungs. 1. 4 Outline the definition of a body system. The body has many different organs all with their own specific jobs and are made up of different parts for example the respiratory system has the nose, trachea, diaphragm, bronchus, bronchioles, lungs and mouth which are all use to breath. A group of organs working together to perform a particular function The body has many different organs all with their own specific jobs and are made up of different parts for example the respiratory system has the nose, trachea, diaphragm, bronchus, bronchioles, lungs and mouth which are all use to breath. A group of organs working together to perform a particular function You need to include in your answer that the body is comprised of a number of systems that contain specific organs that have specialized functions, for example the lungs in the respiratory system. . 5 Define Directional terms used in medicine Your answer must provide a clear definition of the following terms and how these are utilised to describe the human body and positioning of both injuries and/or organs. 1. Superior — Toward or at the upper part of the structure 2. Inferior– Toward or at the lower part of the structure 3. Lateral – Away from the midline of the body / on the outer side 4. Med ial – Toward or at the midline of the body / on the inner side 5. Posterior – Toward back of the body 6. Anterior – Toward or at the front of the body . Proximal – Closer to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk 8. Distal – Further from the point of attachment of limb 9. External –Structure closer to internal organs 10. You read "Anatomy and Physiology of Body Systems" in category "Papers" Internal – structure further from the internal organs 11. Superior — Toward or at the upper part of the structure 12. Inferior– Toward or at the lower part of the structure 13. Lateral – Away from the midline of the body / on the outer side 14. Medial – Toward or at the midline of the body / on the inner side 15. Posterior – Toward back of the body 16. Anterior – Toward or at the front of the body 17. Proximal – Closer to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk 18. Distal – Further from the point of attachment of limb 19. External –Structure closer to internal organs 20. Internal – structure further from the internal organs 1. 6 Label major organs within body cavities Complete the diagram clearly labelling the organs and major structures. Aorta Aorta Tarynx Tarynx Trachea Trachea Heart Heart Superior vena cava Superior vena cava Oesophagus Oesophagus Lung Lung Diaphragm Diaphragm Aorta Aorta Liver Liver Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava Spleen Spleen Gall bladder Gall bladder Stomach Stomach Pancreas Pancreas Kidney Kidney Ureter Ureter Small intestine Small intestine Appendix Appendix Large intestine Large intestine Bladder Bladder Rectum Rectum Urethra Urethra Student notes and Supplementary Work sheets. Directional Medical Terms As an Ambulance Care Assistant you should be able to use directional medical terms. The first important thing in learning about anatomy and physiology is to know the anatomical position and body landmarks. To accurately describe body parts and position, initial reference point and directional terms should be used in a medical setting. The correct anatomical position is standing up (erect) with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body. To precisely point out the chief complaint of a patient, the ECA or Paramedic uses anatomical terms representing a certain body part. For example, a patient walks in the emergency room with a laceration on the posterior portion of the left lower leg. To clearly state the area of injury the Paramedic uses the term â€Å"sural† which means the posterior surface of the lower leg rather than writing â€Å"back area of the lower leg†. Knowing these terms not only give the ECA or Paramedic a more accurate formulation of chief complaints but it also saves time of a good deal of description. To clearly explain exactly the relation of a body structure to each other, directional terms are used. For example to describe the relationship or location of the heart to the arms, we can say â€Å"the heart is located in between the arms†. Using anatomical terminology, this is expressed as â€Å"the heart is medial to the arms. † Hence, it is a more clear and precise statement Common Anatomical Terms (for reference purposes only) ABDOMINAL| ACROMIAL| ANTECUBITAL| AXILLARY| BRACHIAL| BUCCAL| CARPAL| CERVICAL| COXAL| CRURAL| DIGITAL| FEMORAL| FIBULAR| INGUINAL| NASAL| ORAL| ORBITAL| PATELLAR| PELVIC| STERNAL| PUBIC| TARSAL| THORACIC| UMBILLICAL| CALCANEAL| CEPHALIC| DELTOID| FEMORAL| GLUTEAL| LUMBAR| OCCIPITAL| OLECRANAL| POPLITEAL| SCAPUALR| SURAL| VERTEBRAL| PLANTAR| | | | Common Anatomical Terms (for reference purposes only) ABDOMINAL| ACROMIAL| ANTECUBITAL| AXILLARY| BRACHIAL| BUCCAL| CARPAL| CERVICAL| COXAL| CRURAL| DIGITAL| FEMORAL| FIBULAR| INGUINAL| NASAL| ORAL| ORBITAL| PATELLAR| PELVIC| STERNAL| PUBIC| TARSAL| THORACIC| UMBILLICAL| CALCANEAL| CEPHALIC| DELTOID| FEMORAL| GLUTEAL| LUMBAR| OCCIPITAL| OLECRANAL| POPLITEAL| SCAPUALR| SURAL| VERTEBRAL| PLANTAR| | | | The terms commonly used in practice are superior, inferior, lateral, medial, posterior, anterior, sural, proximal, distal, external and internal. Using these terminologies show on the diagram below and identify the position of the directional medical terms. These terms will commonly be used in practice not only to describe injuries but to provide an appropriate handover to other healthcare professionals. Supplementary Reading The Tissues Tissue is a group of cells that have a similar shape and function. Different types of tissues can be found in different organs. In humans, there are four basic types of tissue:   epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. There may be various sub-tissues within each of the primary tissues. Epithelial tissue covers the body surface and forms the lining for most internal cavities. The major function of epithelial tissue includes protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration. The skin is an organ made up of epithelial tissue which protects the body from dirt, dust, bacteria and other microbes that may be harmful. Cells of the epithelial tissue have different shapes as shown on the student’s worksheet. Cells can be thin, flat to cubic to elongated. Connective tissue is the most abundant and the most widely distributed of the tissues. Connective tissues perform a variety of functions including support and protection. The following tissues are found in the human body, ordinary loose connective tissue, fat tissue, dense fibrous tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, and lymph, which are all considered connective tissue. There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is a voluntary type of muscle tissue that is used in the contraction of skeletal parts. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels. It is an involuntary type. The cardiac muscle is found only in the walls of the heart and is involuntary in nature. Nerve tissue is composed of specialized cells which not only receive stimuli but also conduct impulses to and from all parts of the body. Nerve cells or neurons are long and string-like. In tissues the simplest combination is called a membrane, or a sheet of tissues which cover or line the body surface or divide organs into parts. Examples include the mucous membrane which lines body cavities. Tissues combine to form organs. An organ is a part of the body which performs a definite function. The final units of organization in the body are called systems. A system is a group of organs each of which contributes its share to the function of the body as a whole 2. Know how the respiratory system functions 2. 1 Describe the function of the respiratory system. You need to consider the following topics in your answer, namely the extraction of Oxygen from the atmosphere and the excretion of carbon dioxide. You also need to describe how the respiratory system maintains the acid base balance of the blood and how lungs are ventilated i. e. he process by which air enters the lungs. It may be useful to read the following text, Section 8- The Respiratory system, Ambulance Service Basic Training Manual. Nancy Caroline (2007) Emergency Care in the Streets, chapters 11. 3-11. 16 inclusive Watch the following presentation before attempting this question, http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000018. htm The respiratory system, in close conjunction with the circulation s ystem is responsible for supplying body cells with essential oxygen and removing potentially harmful carbon dioxide from the body. The mouth and nose channel air from outside the body through a system of tubes of diminishing size that eventually reach the two lungs on either side of the heart within the chest cavity. The respiratory system, in close conjunction with the circulation system is responsible for supplying body cells with essential oxygen and removing potentially harmful carbon dioxide from the body. The mouth and nose channel air from outside the body through a system of tubes of diminishing size that eventually reach the two lungs on either side of the heart within the chest cavity. 2. 2 Label the components of the respiratory tract. Complete the diagram below. Diaphragm Diaphragm Right lung Right lung Trachea Trachea Alveolus Alveolus Bronchus Bronchus Mouth Mouth Bronchioles Bronchioles Nasal cavity Nasal cavity 2. 3 Describe the structure of the lungs You need to consider the following in our answer, namely the structure of the lungs, there position within the thoracic cavity, the shape and membranes that cover them. If needed you can utilise a diagram to facilitate your explanation. The two sponges- like lungs fill most of the chest cavity and are protected by the flexible ribcage. Together they form one of the body largest organs. Their essential function is gas exchange taking vital oxygen from the air and expelling waste carbon dioxide to the air. Air enters the lungs from the trachea, which branches at its base into main airways, the primary bronchi. Each primary bronchus enters its lungs at a site called the hilum, which is also where the main blood vessels pass in and out of the lungs. The primary bronchus divides into secondary bronchi, all the time decreasing in diameter. Many subsequent divisions from the narrowest airways; the terminal and then respiratory bronchioles, which distribute air to the alveoli. This intricate network of air passages resembles an inverted tree, with the trachea as the trunk, and is known as the bronchial tree. They are corresponding trees from the pulmonary arteries and arterioles bringing low-oxygen blood from the hearts right side and pulmonary venules and veins, returning high oxygen blood to the heart left side. The two sponges- like lungs fill most of the chest cavity and are protected by the flexible ribcage. Together they form one of the body largest organs. Their essential function is gas exchange taking vital oxygen from the air and expelling waste carbon dioxide to the air. Air enters the lungs from the trachea, which branches at its base into main airways, the primary bronchi. Each primary bronchus enters its lungs at a site called the hilum, which is also where the main blood vessels pass in and out of the lungs. The primary bronchus divides into secondary bronchi, all the time decreasing in diameter. Many subsequent divisions from the narrowest airways; the terminal and then respiratory bronchioles, which distribute air to the alveoli. This intricate network of air passages resembles an inverted tree, with the trachea as the trunk, and is known as the bronchial tree. They are corresponding trees from the pulmonary arteries and arterioles bringing low-oxygen blood from the hearts right side and pulmonary venules and veins, returning high oxygen blood to the heart left side. 2. 4 Outline the process of respiration Your answer needs to include the process of both internal and external respiration and diffusion of gases through a semi permeable membrane. You do not need to consider partial pressures and diffusion gradients in order to answer this question. ECTIS (2007) chapter 11. 12 provides a valuable insight into the mechanics of respiration. External inspiration is the process of extracting air particles from the atmosphere so that lungs and the main organs are the body expel carbon dioxide, a by – product which is removed by the lungs. Internal inspiration is where the blood and cells carry oxygen around the body to different organs. CO2 the waste product is absorbed through the blood and sent back to the lungs and expired back into the atmosphere. Reference – Ambulance service basic training manual 2003 (updated January 2010) External inspiration is the process of extracting air particles from the atmosphere so that lungs and the main organs are the body expel carbon ioxide, a by – product which is removed by the lungs. Internal inspiration is where the blood and cells carry oxygen around the body to different organs. CO2 the waste product is absorbed through the blood and sent back to the lungs and expired back into the atmosphere. Reference – Ambulance service basic training manual 2003 (u pdated January 2010) 2. 5 Describe the initial management of asthma Your answer needs to focus on current best practice clinical guidelines JRCALC 2006, Nice. As an ECA you are not permitted to administer any medication such as adrenaline, Salbutalmol or Ipatropium Bromide only Oxygen therapy. Consider management of a simple exacerbation and also life threatening asthma. Ensure you structure your answer in the D,R,C,A,B,C,D,E format. 1. Check for dangers that could injure you or the causalities and people around you. 2. Check response levers by speaking to the person and tapping their shoulder if they are unconscious 3. Ring 999 for support 4. Check that causalities airway is clear and look for obstructions. Check the spo2 levels using a pulse oximeter , checking oxygen sats are 94% or above. If they are below you will need to administer oxygen at 15lpm via an adult non re breather until backup arrive ready to administer salbutamol via a nebuliser mask at 8lpm until they symptom subside or transported to hospital for treatment. 5. Check for dangers that could injure you or the causalities and people around you. 6. Check response levers by speaking to the person and tapping their shoulder if they are unconscious 7. Ring 999 for support 8. Check that causalities airway is clear and look for obstructions. Check the spo2 levels using a pulse oximeter , checking oxygen sats are 94% or above. If they are below you will need to administer oxygen at 15lpm via an adult non re breather until backup arrive ready to administer salbutamol via a nebuliser mask at 8lpm until they symptom subside or transported to hospital for treatment. Supplementary Worksheets and Reading Introduction Primary function of respiratory system is transport of O2 and CO2. This requires the four processes collectively known as respiration: Fill out the blanks Pulmonary ventilation is the movement of †¦oxygen†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Into and out of the lungs (breathing). This involves gas pressures and †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦muscle†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ contractions. 1. External†¦ Respiration†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ is the exchange of O2 (loading) and CO2 2. (Unloading) between blood and alveoli (air sacs). 3. Transport of respiratory gases between †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦blood†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and tissues. 4. Internal†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Respiration†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦is gas exchange between blood and tissue cells. The respiratory system is situated in the thorax, and is responsible for gaseous exchange between the circulatory system and the outside world. Air is taken in via the upper airways (the nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx) through the lower airways (trachea, primary bronchi and bronchial tree) and into the small bronchioles and alveoli within the lung tissue. The lungs are divided into lobes; the left lung is composed of the upper lobe, the lower lobe and the lingula (a small remnant next to the apex of the heart), the right lung is composed of the upper, the middle and the lower lobes. To take a breath in, the external intercostal muscles contract, moving the ribcage up and out. The diaphragm moves down at the same time, creating negative pressure within the thorax. The lungs are held to the thoracic wall by the pleural membranes, and so expand outwards as well. This creates negative pressure within the lungs, and so air rushes in through the upper and lower airways. Expiration is mainly due to the natural elasticity of the lungs, which tend to collapse if they are not held against the thoracic wall. This is the mechanism behind lung collapse if there is air in the pleural space (pneumothorax) Each branch of the bronchial tree eventually sub-divides to form very narrow terminal bronchioles, which terminate in the alveoli. There are many millions of alveloi in each lung, and these are the areas responsible for gaseous exchange, presenting a massive surface area for exchange to occur over. Each alveolus is very closely associated with a network of capillaries containing deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery. The capillary and alveolar walls are very thin, allowing rapid exchange of gases by passive diffusion along concentration gradients. CO2 moves into the alveolus as the concentration is much lower in the alveolus than in the blood, and O2 moves out of the alveolus as the continuous flow of blood through the capillaries prevents saturation of the blood with O2 and allows maximal transfer across the membrane. The Earth’s atmosphere is made up of only five gases: nitrogen, oxygen, water vapour, argon, and carbon dioxide. Several other compounds also are present. Complete the table below which details the composition of inspired air. Percentage Present Inspired Air| | 100%| Oxygen| | 20%| Nitrogen| | 79%| Carbon Dioxide| | 0. 04%| Water Vapour| | variable%| Inert Gases| | 0. 15%| Complete the table below providing a brief description of each structure. Structure| description| Nose| The nose is mainly made up of cartilage bones and fibrous tissues. | | Pharynx| Pharynx is a cone shaped passageway leading from the oral and nasal cavities in the head to the oesophagus and larynx. | Larynx| Is part of the respiratory system and is located between the pharynx and the trachea. We use it to talk and swallow. | | Trachea| Trachea is a tube like a portion respiratory tract that connects the larynx with the bronchus and bronchioles lungs. This is also known as the windpipe. | | Bronchi| Bronchi are the main part of the lung that goes through to the bronchioles. | | Bronchioles| The tiny branch of air tubes with in the lungs that are a continuation of bronchus. They join the bronchi to the alveoli| | Lungs| Lungs are involved with inspiration of oxygen and expiration of CO2, which is a part of breathing. | Alveoli| Part within the lungs where gas and blood exchange occurs. Tiny air sacs with a large surface area and surrounded by dense network of capillaries| | Pleura| Liquid that lubricates the lungs and keeps them working correctly. Offer some protection against impact| | The rate of breathing differs significantly when presented with a variety of illnesses and/or trauma. To adequately assess a patients respiratory function you must be able to recognise whether a patients respiration rate is bradypnoeic, tachypnoeic or within normal parameters. Complete the table below to demonstrate this. Respiratory Rates | Bradypneoic| Normal| Tachypnoeic| Neonate| 24| 30 – 40| 40| Child| 10| 25 – 30| 30| Adult| 9| 12 – 20| 30| Asthma: Signs, Symptoms and Management. Asthma is a condition that affects the airways – the small tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs. When a person with asthma comes into contact with something that irritates their airways (an asthma trigger), the muscles round the walls of the airways tighten so that the airways become narrower and the lining of the airways becomes inflamed and starts to swell. Sometimes, sticky mucus or phlegm builds up, which can further narrow the airways. These reactions cause the airways to become narrower and irritated – making it difficult to breath and leading to symptoms of asthma. Asthma is a long-term condition  that can cause a cough, wheezing and breathlessness. The severity of the symptoms varies from person to person. Asthma can be co ntrolled well in most people most of the time. In the UK, 5. million people are currently receiving treatment for asthma. That  is  1 in every 12 adults and 1 in every 11 children. Asthma in adults is more common in women than men. If you are diagnosed with asthma as a child, the  symptoms may disappear during your teenage years. However, asthma can return in adulthood. If childhood symptoms of asthma are moderate to severe, it is more likely that the condition will persist or return later in life. However, asthma does not only start in  young people and can develop at any age. The cause of asthma is not fully understood, but it is known that asthma often runs in families. You are more likely to have asthma if one or both of your parents  has the condition. What is asthma? Asthma is caused by inflammation of the airways. These are  the small tubes, called bronchi,  which carry air in and out of the lungs. If you have asthma, the bronchi  will be  inflamed and  more sensitive than normal. When you come into contact with something that irritates your lungs, known as a trigger, your airways become narrow, the muscles around them tighten and there is an increase in the production of sticky mucus (phlegm). This makes it difficult to breathe and causes wheezing and coughing. It  may also  make your chest feel tight. A severe onset of symptoms is known as an asthma attack or an ‘acute asthma exacerbation’. Asthma attacks may require hospital treatment and can sometimes be life-threatening, although this is rare. For some people with chronic (long-lasting) asthma, long-term inflammation of the airways may lead to more permanent narrowing. Common triggers A trigger is  anything that irritates the airways and brings on the symptoms of asthma. These differ from person to person and people with asthma may have several triggers. Common triggers include house dust mites, animal fur, pollen, tobacco smoke, exercise, cold air and chest infections. Other types of asthma There are  other types of asthma that can be made worse by certain activities: * Work-aggravated asthma is pre-existing asthma that is made worse by dust and fumes at work. * Occupational asthma is caused by exposure to specific substances at work. For example, some nurses develop occupational asthma after exposure to latex, and some workers in the food-processing industry develop occupational asthma as a response of exposure to flour. Outlook While there is no cure for asthma, symptoms can come and go throughout your life. A number of treatments can help control the condition very effectively. Treatment is based on two important goals: * relief of symptoms * preventing future symptoms and attacks from developing Successful prevention can be achieved through a combination of medicines, lifestyle advice and identifying and then avoiding potential asthma triggers Know how the cardiovascular system functions. 3. 1 Outline the role of the cardiovascular system. You need to provide a summary of the cardiovascular system its organs and their function. Watch the presentation to enable you to answer this question correctly. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000023. htm The functions of the cardiovascular system are to transport nutrient, oxygen, water and remove waste products from the cardiovascular system. The other function is to pump oxygenated blood around the body. 1. Deoxygenated blood enters the heart full of CO2. 2. It gets pushed through the heart through electrical impulses into the lungs. 3. It gets rid of CO2 and replaces oxygen. 4. Blood flows around the body giving vital organs oxygen and taken away waste products. 5. Deoxygenated blood goes back into the heart. The functions of the cardiovascular system are to transport nutrient, oxygen, water and remove waste products from the cardiovascular system. The other function is to pump oxygenated blood around the body. 6. Deoxygenated blood enters the heart full of CO2. 7. It gets pushed through the heart through electrical impulses into the lungs. 8. It gets rid of CO2 and replaces oxygen. 9. Blood flows around the body giving vital organs oxygen and taken away waste products. 10. Deoxygenated blood goes back into the heart. 3. 2 Label the structure of the heart Complete both diagrams below. It may be useful to read section 9 of the Ambulance Service basic training manual. Left Atrium Left Atrium Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins Pulmonary veins Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava Right ventricle Right ventricle Septum Septum Left ventricle Left ventricle Arterial valve Arterial valve Bicuspid valve Bicuspid valve Tricuspid valve Tricuspid valve Right atrium Right atrium Pulmonary valve Pulmonary valve Branch of pulmonary vein Branch of pulmonary vein Aortic Trunk Aortic Trunk Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery Aortic branches Aortic branches Superior vena cava Superior vena cava . 2 Label the diagram. Aortic Trunk Aortic Trunk Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery Right atrium Right atrium Left ventricle Left ventricle Great cardiac vein Great cardiac vein Bradiocephalic artery Bradiocephalic artery 3. 3 State the electrical conduction system of the heart. Your answer needs to include a description and functioning of the SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Pur kinje Fibres and LR Bundle Branches. It might be useful to incorporate a diagram of the normal sinus rhythm to illustrate your answer. Watch the following presentation to reinforce your understanding of this chain of events. ttp://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000021. htm 1. The brain sends electrical impulses to the heart telling it to beat. 2. The S-A node (sinoatrial node) receives the message and sends it along the atria telling it to contract and push blood forward. 3. The A-V node (atrioventricular node) holds the current for 60 -80 milliseconds to allow blood to gather. 4. The A-V bundle takes the signal and passes it down the branches. 5. The purkinje fibres receive the signal. 6. The contractions happen as the fibres contract. 7. The brain sends electrical impulses to the heart telling it to beat. . The S-A node (sinoatrial node) receives the message and sends it along the atria telling it to contract and push blood forward. 9. The A-V node (atrioventric ular node) holds the current for 60 -80 milliseconds to allow blood to gather. 10. The A-V bundle takes the signal and passes it down the branches. 11. The purkinje fibres receive the signal. 12. The contractions happen as the fibres contract. 3. 4 Describe the purpose of different types of blood vessels. Your answer must include a description of the arteries , veins, arterioles, venules and capillaries along with their function. You may wish to include a diagram in your answer. Blood is transported around the body in a network of different blood vessels that come in different sizes. Arteries are the biggest of the blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart towards the vital organs and tissues but the only one that doesn’t is the pulmonary artery. Arterioles branch out from the main arteries and carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries and they are a lot smaller and thinner than arteries. Capillaries are smaller of the vessels and lead to the tissues where they deposit oxygen and minerals and extract carbon dioxide which is a waste product. Veins carry deoxygenates blood back to the body ready to go round the system again. Venules carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries and branchy together to make veins. Blood is transported around the body in a network of different blood vessels that come in different sizes. Arteries are the biggest of the blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart towards the vital organs and tissues but the only one that doesn’t is the pulmonary artery. Arterioles branch out from the main arteries and carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries and they are a lot smaller and thinner than arteries. Capillaries are smaller of the vessels and lead to the tissues where they deposit oxygen and minerals and extract carbon dioxide which is a waste product. Veins carry deoxygenates blood back to the body ready to go round the system again. Venules carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries and branchy together to make veins. 3. 5 Describe the properties of blood. Blood is essential to life; your answer must describe in detail the major components of blood and their functions in maintaining homeostasis. Don’t forget that blood contains more than solids. They key components you must discuss are red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. Begin by describing their shape and size along with their function. Bloody is a specialized body fluid, it has four main components, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets. Blood has many different functions including: * Transporting oxygen and nutrients to lungs and tissues * Forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss * Carrying cell and antibodies that fight infection * Bring waste products to kidneys and liver, which filter and clean blood * Regulation body temperature Red blood cells account for 40-45 % of blood volume; they are a biconcave disk shape with a flattened centre. RBC contain a special protein called haemoglobin which helps carry oxygen from the lungs to rest of the body and return carbon dioxide from body to lungs to be exhaled. White blood cells protect body from infections. They are much fewer in number than RBC’s, accounting for only 1% of blood. Most common is neutrophil (immediate response) accounts for 55-75% of total white blood cells. Each neutrophil lives less than a day. There are other types; lymphocyte which there is a T and a B lymphocyte. T attack various infected cells and tumours, B makes antibodies, which are proteins that target bacteria viruses and other foreign materials. Plasma is a liquid component of blood it is a mix of water, sugar, fat, protein and salt, plasma job is to transport blood cells throughout the body along with nutrients, waste product, antibodies, clotting, and proteins, chemical Messages such as hormones and proteins that help maintain body’s fluid balance. Platelets clot the blood together at the site of an injury and also contain white blood cells to stop infection entering the wound which is why the scab forms. Bloody is a specialized body fluid, it has four main components, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets. Blood has many different functions including: * Transporting oxygen and nutrients to lungs and tissues * Forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss * Carrying cell and antibodies that fight infection * Bring waste products to kidneys and liver, which filter and clean blood * Regulation body temperature Red blood cells account for 40-45 % of blood volume; they are a biconcave disk shape with a flattened centre. RBC contain a special protein called haemoglobin which helps carry oxygen from the lungs to rest of the body and return carbon dioxide from body to lungs to be exhaled. White blood cells protect body from infections. They are much fewer in number than RBC’s, accounting for only 1% of blood. Most common is neutrophil (immediate response) accounts for 55-75% of total white blood cells. Each neutrophil lives less than a day. There are other types; lymphocyte which there is a T and a B lymphocyte. T attack various infected cells and tumours, B makes antibodies, which are proteins that target bacteria viruses and other foreign materials. Plasma is a liquid component of blood it is a mix of water, sugar, fat, protein and salt, plasma job is to transport blood cells throughout the body along with nutrients, waste product, antibodies, clotting, and proteins, chemical Messages such as hormones and proteins that help maintain body’s fluid balance. Platelets clot the blood together at the site of an injury and also contain white blood cells to stop infection entering the wound which is why the scab forms. 4 Know how the nervous system supports body functions. 4. 1 Outline the role of the nervous system. Your answer should consider how the nervous system receives external and internal stimuli and conveys impulses not only to the brain, spinal cord and organs but also away from these, eliciting specific responses and in turn maintaining homeostasis. You may use diagrams and continue on a separate sheet if needed. The main function of the central nervous system is to send electrical impulse to the brain through the spinal cord and sends it back to the peripheral nervous system which causes to react and feel pain when hurt or unwell. Somatic nerves have control over movement of joints whether you can move arms or legs. Autonomic nerves control the body’s natural reactions such as breathing, you don’t need to control them they happen naturally. Sympathetic nerves control things such as accelerating your heat rhythm and breathing rate. Homeostasis is the body controlling the body’s natural state and responding to change within your natural state. The stimulus receives the message telling the brain the body has a change in natural response and relays a signal to receptors which is the site where it processes the information and relays the message to the control centre which makes the decision on how to deal with the situation and return affected are back to normal state. STIMULUS RECEPTOR C N RESPONSE EFFECTORS S The main function of the central nervous system is to send electrical impulse to the brain through the spinal cord and sends it back to the peripheral nervous system which causes to react and feel pain when hurt or unwell. Somatic nerves have control over movement of joints whether you can move arms or legs. Autonomic nerves control the body’s natural reactions such as breathing, you don’t need to control them they happen naturally. Sympathetic nerves control things such as accelerating your heat rhythm and breathing rate. Homeostasis is the body controlling the body’s natural state and responding to change within your natural state. The stimulus receives the message telling the brain the body has a change in natural response and relays a signal to receptors which is the site where it processes the information and relays the message to the control centre which makes the decision on how to deal with the situation and return affected are back to normal state. STIMULUS RECEPTOR C N RESPONSE EFFECTORS S 4. 2 Identify the components of the nervous system. Peripheral nerve Peripheral nerve Spinal cord Spinal cord Brain Brain 4. 2 Identify the components of the nervous system. Please label the diagrams. Parietal lobe Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Frontal lobe Occipital lobe Occipital lobe Cerebellum Cerebellum Temporal lobe Temporal lobe Spinal cord Spinal cord 5 Know how the skeletal system functions. 5. 1 Outline the role of the skeletal system. You should consider the skeletal system has several functions that include not only protection, movement and support but also blood cell production. Your answer should provide a brief explanation on how the skeletal system performs the aforementioned functions. The functions of the skeletal system are to support the main framework of the human body. It allows attachments of different tendons and muscles which form joints around the body which allow us to move arms and legs. The system also stores vital nutrients such as calcium which is stored within the bone marrow. The skeletal system also plays a vital role in protecting main organs around the body e. g. heart and lung found inside the thoracic cavity. With the organs been protected this allows the body to functions correctly without becoming injured. The functions of the skeletal system are to support the main framework of the human body. It allows attachments of different tendons and muscles which form joints around the body which allow us to move arms and legs. The system also stores vital nutrients such as calcium which is stored within the bone marrow. The skeletal system also plays a vital role in protecting main organs around the body e. g. heart and lung found inside the thoracic cavity. With the organs been protected this allows the body to functions correctly without becoming injured. 5. 2 Label the bones of the skeleton Label the diagrams below Skull Skull Sternum Sternum Patella Patella Sacrum Sacrum Ulna Ulna Radius Radius Humerus Humerus Ribs Ribs Metatarsals Metatarsals Tibia Tibia Fibula Fibula Femur Femur Radius Radius Ulna Ulna Scapular Scapular Clavicle Clavicle 5. 3 Describe the different types of skeletal joints. Your answer must provide a full description of the different types of joints in the human body. It would be useful to identify where these joints are and if needed provide a diagram. Fibrous joints are fixed or unmovable, staying same place and never move shape or size. Cartilaginous joints can move partly but cannot fully move within the body. E. g. rib cage, spinal column. Saddle joints, only allow flexing and extending of different limbs but cannot be rotated. The thumb is the only bone with a saddle joint. Hinge joint, elbow, fingers, knees. Movement only occurs in one direction, usually forward. The knee is an exception it allows the foot and lower leg to move side to side. Gilding joints allow two or more joints to move against each other without any grinding or friction. Pivot joints allow up to 360 degree Movement in certain joints for example the wrist is very flexible and has full rotation. Ball joints are a ball and socket joint and they provide movement and rotation such as your hips and shoulders. Fibrous joints are fixed or unmovable, staying same place and never move shape or size. Cartilaginous joints can move partly but cannot fully move within the body. E. g. rib cage, spinal column. Saddle joints, only allow flexing and extending of different limbs but cannot be rotated. The thumb is the only bone with a saddle joint. Hinge joint, elbow, fingers, knees. Movement only occurs in one direction, usually forward. The knee is an exception it allows the foot and lower leg to move side to side. Gilding joints allow two or more joints to move against each other without any grinding or friction. Pivot joints allow up to 360 degree Movement in certain joints for example the wrist is very flexible and has full rotation. Ball joints are a ball and socket joint and they provide movement and rotation such as your hips and shoulders. 5. 4 Outline the relationship between the muscular system and the skeleton Your answer must include the functions of ligaments, tendons and muscles in relation to bones and joints: e. g. ligaments, attach one bone to another at the site of a joint; tendons continuous with the sheath covering each muscle and attached to the outer surface of a bone, another muscle or the skin, muscles, generate force to produce movement. The muscular skeletal system is made up of all bones in the body and the joints and muscles that surround them; this allows movement of different muscles and protection of our vital organs inside our human body. The muscular skeletal system is made up of all bones in the body and the joints and muscles that surround them; this allows movement of different muscles and protection of our vital organs inside our human body. Supplementary resources and reading All the web links are interactive resources that you can utilise to reinforce and consolidate your understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the human body. These are interesting and informative interactive modules that you should enjoy completing. These are not compulsory however it will help you in your continued study towards becoming an Emergency Care Assistant and further in your career as a pre hospital professional. It would be helpful once you have completed these interactive modules to provide a screen print of the last page confirming you have completed the module, placing this in your portfolio under unit 11 anatomy and physiology. Using the web link below complete the online learning module that investigates the pulmonary and systemic circulation 1. http://www. wisc-online. om/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12704 Use the link below to reinforce your understanding of the anatomy of the respiratory system 2. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1004 The following link investigates the mechanism of breathing and the process of external and internal respiration 3. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewO bject. aspx? ID=AP15104 Use the link below to consolidate your understanding of the cardiovascular system 4. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1304 This link enables you to further investigate blood and the cells found within it. 5. http://www. isc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=CLT103 6. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14604 7. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14704 This link is a crossword puzzle that asks you to identify common cardiovascular diseases, be warned it is quite difficult. 8. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=GEN2405 The nervous system is of paramount importance to maintain homeostasis, use these links to investigate the nervous system further. The links will enable you to have a full understanding of the brain, the sympathetic nervous system and nerve fibres. 9. ttp://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14404 10. http://www. wisc-online . com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP2704 11. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA502 12. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1903 This link follows on from the nervous system and gives a brief insight into brain injury 13. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1104 The skeletal system enables the human form to remain upright, use this link to name the bones contained within the skeleton and the skull 14. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. spx? ID=MEA304 15. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12904 16. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1503 This final resource is produced by the BBC, again very interactive and sallows you to demonstrate your knowledge of a variety of body systems. 17. http://www. bbc. co. uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/3djigsaw_02/index. shtml As part of your role as a ECA you will be required to measure a patientsâ€℠¢ blood pressure, utilise the interactive tutorial to familiarise yourself with blood pressure, its measurement and consequence of abnormality 18. http://www. nlm. ih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/_no_50_no_0. htm 19. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/index. htm (allows you to download notes to the presentation) 20. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000013. htm This resource contains hundreds on interactive tutorials on a variety of diseases, this is a valuable research tool for you to use at your leisure 21. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials. html Interactive Module Links Tracking Sheet Watched| Y/N| Comment| 1. http://www. wisc online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12704 2. http://www. isc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1004 3. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP15104 4. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1304 5. http://www. wisc-on line. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=CLT103 6. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14604 7. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14704 8. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=GEN2405 9. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14404 10. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP2704 11. ttp://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA502 12. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1903 13. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1104 14. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=MEA304 15. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12904 16. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1503 17. http://www. bbc. co. uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/3djigsaw_02/index. shtml 18. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/_no_50_no_0. htm 19. http://www . nlm. ih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/index. htm (allows you to download notes to the presentation) 20. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000013. htm 21. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials. html| | | Criteria| Achieved(? )| AssessorsComments| Internal Verifiers Comments| 1. 1 Label the structure of a typical cell| | | | 1. 2 Outline the definition of tissue| | | | 1. 3 Outline the definition of an organ| | | | 1. 4 Outline the definition of a body system| | | | 1. 5 Define directional terms used in medicine| | | | 1. 6 Label major organs within the body cavities| | | | . 1 Describe the function of the respiratory system| | | | 2. 2 Label the components of the respiratory tract| | | | 2. 3 Describe the structure of the lungs| | | | 2. 4 Outline the process of respiration| | | | 2. 5 Describe the initial management of asthma| | | | 3. 1 Outline the role of thecardiovascular system| | | | 3. 2 Label the structure of the heart| | | | 3 . 3 State the electrical conduction system of the heart| | | | 3. 4 Describe the purpose of different types of blood vessels| | | | 3. 5Describe the properties of blood| | | | 4. 1 Outline the role of the nervous system| | | | 4. Identify the components of the nervous system| | | | 5. 1 Outline the role of the skeletal system| | | | 5. 2 Label the bones of the skeleton| | | | 5. 3 Describe the different types of skeletal joints| | | | 5. 4 Outline the relationship between the muscular system and the skeleton| | | | | General Comments| Areas for Improvement| Assessor Signature: Date:| Learner Signature Date:| Internal Verifier Signature: Date:| How to cite Anatomy and Physiology of Body Systems, Papers

Shinra Reborn Essay Example For Students

Shinra Reborn Essay Prologue The crisis was over, and the planet had been saved from Sephiroth. Cloud Strife moved back into his old house in Nibelheim, where he had grown up, and where he has first met Tifa, and heard of Sephiroth. Tifa moved back to Nibelheim also. She lived next to Cloud, in her old house. Barret lived in Kalm with Marlene. Reeve ran Midgar, which now used solar energy, instead of Mako energy. Cid lived in Rocket town with his new wife, Shera. Vincent lived in Gongaga with Lucrecia. But, he never told Lucrecia the truth about her son, Sephiroth. Red XIII, or Nanaki, lived in Cosmo Canyon, and continued to protect it. Yuffie lived in Wutai with her dad, Godo. Wutai had turned into the #1 tourist site in the world. The Turks disappeared into the underworld of Midgar. Three weeks has passed since Meteorquot;s destruction. The Shinra building didnquot;t look like it had once housed the most powerful corporation in the world. The first 60 floors werenquot;t that bad, but from floor 60 and up, it was a wreck. Scavengers raided the building, and took everything worth a dollar. Broken computers were strewn everywhere. Pieces of scrap metal hung from the ceiling, and littered the floor. Shinra executivequot;s bodies were found everywhere. Meteor and Diamond Weapon had hit this part of the building the hardest. Although, no one could get past the 68th floor. The door was sealed, and only a few certain people knew the code. Most of those people were dead. Rufusquot;s body was never found, nor was Heideggerquot;s. It was peculiar though, because Scarletquot;s body was found, but not Heideggerquot;s. Both of them were in the Proud Clod when it was destroyed. After Heidegger, the next in line to be President of Shinra was Reeve. Reeve dismantled Shinra, and created a new company, Avalanche, Inc. named after the group of people who had saved the planet. The old Shinra building was left to rust. The cannon, though, could still be seen hanging above Avalanche, Inc. quot;s new headquarters. It was left to show that Shinra was truly evil, and that people should never have trusted President Shinra, nor Rufus. The only high-ranking Shinra exec left was Palmer. Palmer, though, w ent insane after Heideggerquot;s death. Palmer lived the Sector 5 Slums. He got to be close friends with Elmyra, Aerisquot;s foster mother. Corel was rebuilt. Junon was still controlled by the remnants of the Shinra army. Former SOLDIER members lead small battle groups that fought against each other for control of Junon harbor. Other than Junon, the world was a safe and peaceful place. But things were about to take a turn of the worse.. quot; Chapter 1 Reno of the Turks kicked some debris out of the way. He couldnquot;t believe what had happened to the Shinra building in just three weeks. This place used to be the headquarters of the most powerful company in the world. Now, it wasnquot;t even good enough for the people of the slums. Reno stood on the 68th floor, next to Rude, who was using a door decoder. They were trying to get to the top two floors of the Shinra building. No one had seen the 69th and 70th floors since Heideggerquot;s death. Elena was at a computer, which Reno was amazed still worked, trying to figure out the amount of damage done, and how much it would cost to repair it. Rude was sweating as he worked at the door decoder. He had always been loyal to Shinra, but to see the company in this much disarray scared him. The most powerful corporation in the world had been reduced to a bunch of pitiful warlords, fighting each other to see who controlled Shinra. None of them control Shinra, Rude thought, Shinra doesnquot;t exist anymore. Elena was also sweating. She had been working for hours now. Shinra computers systems were not easily broken into. Her fingers were aching with cramps, but she worked as if she was possessed. She glanced at Reno. Reno had sat down against a wall, and was dozing off. Reno! Wake up! she yelled. Reno jumped up with a start. Sorry, he said, I-I must have fallen asleep. This is pretty boring. Then get up here and type! Elena yelled, My fingers are about to fall off! Just then, the computer beeped. Elena looked over at it, and saw that she has successfully broken into the network. Nevermind, she said. She sat down, and looked at the screen. The screen was fuzzy, probably the result of loose cables. Oh man. Itquot;ll take atleast 107 million gil to repair this place. We donquot;t have that kind of money. Elena, who said we were going to repair it? I have no intention of rebuilding Shinra, and I doubt Rude does either, Reno said. But. Elena said, But what about us? What are we going to do? I donquot;t know what wequot;re gonna do, Reno said, But I hope to maybe find some clues on these top two floors. Yes sir, Elena said. Reno could tell that she was not a happy camper. But, there was nothing he could do. He had no intention of leading Shinra. He hadnquot;t the money or the skills. He was a Turk, and he enjoyed this work. Almost got it! Rude called from the door. Rude paused. He wasnquot;t exactly sure if he wanted to see the top two floors. He had been up there only twice. O nce was when he and Reno were instated into the Turks. The second time was when they had captured Cloud, Barret, Aeris, Tifa, and Red XIII. Back when Shinra was the top corporation in the world, back when President Shinra ran things. He thought Rufus had been a good president, but not as good as his father. President Shinra had led Shinra for nearly 20 years before his death. Rufus had been President Shinraquot;s Vice President since Rufus turned 18. Rufus had been only 28 when he became President. His inexperience had showed. Rufus did come closer to killing Sephiroth than President Shinra ever had. In fact, if it werenquot;t for Rufusquot;s Mako Cannon, Cloud and the other wouldquot;ve never been able to get inside the Crater and defeat Sephiroth. But that was the past. Rude had to concentrate on the present. The door decoded beeped. The code had been deciphered. Door unlocked! Rude called out. Excellent work, Rude, Reno said, Letquot;s see whatquot;s left of the 69th and 70th floors. Wait for me, Elena said. She shut down the computer and hurried to the door. Rude pushed against the door. Itquot;s stuck, he said. Here, let me help you, Reno said. They both pushed against the door. The door creaked, and slowly they opened it. About halfway, they stopped to take a break. Then, they continued to push it open. Elena watched on, trying not to laugh as two grown men tried desperately hard to open a door. Elena had found the switch that would open the door automatically, but she was enjoying watching Reno and Rude try to open it. Finally, they gave it one last shove, and entered the 69th floor. Reno stood in the doorway in absolute shock. He remember the top floors when Sephiroth had killed President Shinra. This was far worse. The place was an absolute wreck. Computer monitors were everywhere, most of them smashed. Desks were fried, and split into giant splinters. A few dead Shinra executives lied on the floor. The expensive carpet was burnt and full of holes. Diamond Weapon had hit this part of the building the hardest. News Article on Bally Total Fitness Can use for a EssayWe installed an ejection seat incase the Proud Clod was ever defeated. After the Proud Clodquot;s systems went critical, Scarlet went nuts. She screamed, and pounded on the computers. Meanwhile, I snuck into the ejection seat and escaped. I didnquot;t know how far the ejector seat would take me, and I was surprised that it took me to the top of the Shinra building. When Meteor struck Midgar, a huge chunk of rock smashed my leg. It snapped the bone instantly, but it also kept me from being blown off the Shinra building. Oh yes, I have some more good news, Reno said, President Rufus is alive. Rufus is alive? Yes, we found him alive in the Shinra building, along with you. Whatquot;s his condition? Hequot;s pretty bad, he might not pull through. If he doesnquot;t, youquot;ll be leading Shinra. Well, Heidegger was unsure on the thought of becoming President, If I have to do it, then I will. Reno smiled. I knew you would do it, sir. Have Elena and Rude gone home? Heidegger asked. Yeah, they were tired. You should do the same, Reno. Youquot;re a mess. Youquot;ve done nothing but watch over me all day. Go get some rest. Very well, sir. Good night. Reno turned to leave. Oh Reno, one more thing. Yes, sir? Heideggerquot;s eyes narrowed, and he suddenly seemed very, very serious. I have an assignment for you. That is? Reno asked. Heidegger pronounced his next words slowly and clearly. Kill Cloud, he said, with a mark of vengeance in his voice. quot; Chapter 2 Cloud Strife stepped out of his home in Nibelheim. For the first time in his life, there was no Mako smell in Nibelheim. Reeve had shut down the Nibelheim reactor. Cloud also finally felt free of the shadow of Sephiroth and Hojo. For the first time in his life, Cloud felt free from his past. It was about noon, and he was supposed to meet Tifa for lunch in the Nibelheim diner. Cloud stepped into the Nibelheim diner, and saw Tifa sitting with Barret at a table near the wall. Over here Cloud! Tifa called out to him. Cloud walked over and sat down. Barret, I didnquot;t know youquot;d be here, Cloud said. Neither did I, until two hours ago, Barret said, Wequot;ve got trouble. What? Cloud said Itquot;s Reeve. Hequot;s been kidnapped. Kidnapped? By who? Cloud almost shouted. If I knew, donquot;t you think Iquot;d be hunting them down right now? Barret said Whoquot;s running Midgar now? Tifa asked, speaking for the first time. Reevequot;s friend Drayson. Drayson is also Vice-President of Avalanche, Inc. Barret replied. At least Midgar is in good hands. Cloud said, But who would want to kidnap Reeve? You got me, Barret said, But whoever kidnapped him was good. They knew what they were doing. My guess is that the person or persons who kidnapped him are still loyal to Shin ra. And who do we know that is still loyal to Shinra, and specializes in this sort of thing? Tifa and Cloud both looked at each other and said, The Turks. * * * Reeve sat with his hands tied behind his back and his mouth tapped with duct tape. He sat in a small cell, surrounded by concrete walls with a door made out of steel bars. Outside his cell, he heard two men talking. Reeve inched closer to the wall so he could hear what they were saying. So, you think we pulled it off? Oh yeah! Cloud and his friends will never find Reeve. They spent all their time looking for the Turks! Ha! We sure pulled off a great stunt here! Ha ha! Reeve could tell that both of them had a little too much to drink. So, do you think Waylon will give us a raise? He better, cause if he donquot;t, hequot;ll have to find a better pair of kidnappers. Yeah! Wequot;re gonna be rolling in the cash for pulling offa His voice trailed off. Reeve peeked out of his cell and saw both men had collapsed on the floor. WAY to many martinis, Reeve thought. Reeve wiggled at his bonds and tried to get a hand free. Reeve stretched the rope with one hand, and tried to bring the other one up. When that didnquot;t work, he tried to bring his other hand down. That worked. He slid his hand down and reached into his pocket. He pulled out a small remote control. It was the controls to the stuffed Cait Sith. He had to tell Cloud and the other where he was, and Cait was the best way to do it. He turned on the stuffed toy, and directed it towards Nibelheim. * You are so wonderful, Cid Highwind said, I love you! He kissed his airship, the Highwind, again. You look so good with your new paint job! Yes you do! Cid ran his fingers along the Highwindquot;s silver plating. Cid, what are you doing! Shera called from behind him. Cid spat out his cigarette in surprised, and turned around, almost slipping and falling as he did. Oh, uh, hi Shera. Were you kissing the Highwind again? Oh no, Cid said, scratching his head, I was, uh, just checking for, um, scratches. Well, whatever you were doing, it can wait. Cloud, Tifa, and Barret are here. They want to talk with you. Cid stepped into his house and saw Cloud, Tifa, and Barret sitting around his kitchen table. Hey Cid, wequot;ve got trouble, Cloud said. Do we ever not have trouble? Cid replied. He took a seat next to Barret. Reevequot;s been kidnapped, Cloud said. Cid fell out of his chair. Kidnapped! By who? We think itquot;s the Turks. Drayson, Reevequot;s Vice-President in Midgar, told us about it, Barret answered. Turks, huh? I knew we should have finished them. Cid righted his chair, and sat down again. Wequot;d like to use the Highwind on our search, Cloud said. Sure, Iquot;d love to assist in the fight, but Iquot;m afraid I can only spare a few hours of my time. Shera and I are about to go on our second honeymoon. Wequot;ll be spending a week in Costa Del Sol with no worries, and no problems. Iquot;d really like to help, but you three can handle the Turks. Alright then, Cloud said, Wequot;d love your help, but we should be fine on our own. Itquot;s just three Turks. Yeah, your right, Cid said, Let me get my gear and wequot;ll be on our way! Oh by way Cloud, where are we flying too? The only place I could think of to start. Shinra Headquarters in Midgar. * Heidegger limped off the 69th floor elevator on his crutches. He wasnquot;t exactly a dangerous looking person, but he was in charge of Shinra now, nonetheless. The work on the Shinra building was coming along great. The 69th and 70th floors were totally refinished. The 68th, 66th, and 62nd floors still needed lots of work done to them. Every other floor was good enough to work in. Reno, Rude, and Elena stood before Heidegger desk on the 70th floor, along with several other Shinra employees. Well, things are looking very good, Heidegger said, Rufus is scheduled to be released from the hospital in three days. The Shinra building is almost repaired, and Reeve has disappeared. This day marks the beginning of Shinraquot;s new glory! Heidegger picked up a champagne glass. A toast, Heidegger said, To Shinra Reborn! The room exploded into applause.

The Mythology Of Baseball Essays - Smile, Pat,

The Mythology Of Baseball A Night At The Ballpark Upon arrival at the opening game of the season for the Whitecaps, I feel very self concious, as if I do not belong here. I glance at my companions and laugh, they probably feel the same way. We walk up the steps of the stadium and I smile, momentarily caught up in the sweet charm of a group of elderly men, playing 'Take Me Out To The Ballpark' in old fashioned brass style. This will be an interesting night at the very least. We joke around as we buy our wine coolers, thinking that if we are to experience a large American myth, baseball, we should also do something very American while doing so, namely drink. We settle into our seats, the frigid metal benches searing our bottoms as we realize it is very cold tonight. There is a band on the field and our classmates begin to arrive. We joke around alittle with them and I notice that one has brought her child, a little one about age three. I watch him off and on, his child's glee at the commotion delighting me, taking me to the child within for a few moments. Then, a pre game show begins, talking about the mascots of the past, complete with cars, another American myth, for each era represented. I laugh out loud as I see the Bleacher Creature, and laugh even harder as cheesy music associated with baseball is blasted through the loudspeakers. The game begins. Everyone rises to sing the National Anthem. I stay seated, getting picked on alittle by those around me. I feel alittle out of place, but I place no value on this song. We wrap in blankets, huddling together to stay warm as the first inning progresses. It is cozy and I can't help thinking about the good life and the American Dream. It takes me most of the first and second inning to figure out the basic rules of the game. My companions are joking and laughing around me. Everyone is having a good time. Throughout the game I am distracted, turning to listen to those around me, watch them, and see thgeir reactions to the game. I come to notice after a while that everyone is interested in the game, try as they might to hide it, and I even catch myself grinning in anticipation and cheering on the home team almost against my will as the magic of baseball takes me up. The game ends with the home team winning. Fireworks blast in the night air and we all watch as if we were children again. As we leave, I smile. I am very glad I came. The basic Myths in baseball become evident after this experience. Death is represented by the winning or losing of the game. the victor is the survivor. It has meaning because there are stakes present. It is all about cheering for the home team, loyalty which is present whether or not they win. Mythology Essays

Social Housing Providers And Homelessness Social Work Essay Essay Example

Social Housing Providers And Homelessness Social Work Essay Essay Example Social Housing Providers And Homelessness Social Work Essay Essay Social Housing Providers And Homelessness Social Work Essay Essay In seeking to compose a study on the impact that societal lodging suppliers have had on turn toing the issue of homelessness in the UK it is to be appreciated that there are a figure of important issues to be dealt with with a position to deciding this complex societal job. Chiefly there is a demand to recognize that a figure of factors serve to act upon cases of homelessness originating including household dislocation, intoxicant or drug abuse, eviction, or mental and physical wellness that are all important societal issues on their ain to be resolved but are merely made all the more complex to decide in position of their links with homelessness. With this in head, it will be recognised that societal lodging suppliers by and large seek to promote relocation of persons made homeless to carry through the purpose of assisting to decide this issue and offer support whilst besides empower people to pull on their ain accomplishments and cognition to so do their attempts at happening adjus tment more successful. It is so necessary to see the impact upon societal lodging suppliers through the consideration of three specific illustrations by manner of practical instance surveies before looking to reason with a sum-up of the cardinal points derived from this treatment in relation to their critical success factors for accomplishing a decrease in the degree of homelessness within society. ( 2 ) Introduction Having recognised the country to be discussed in relation to societal lodging suppliers as being the demand to look to efficaciously turn to the issue of homelessness within society in the UK, it is necessary to first expression to sketch the cardinal issues that are to be dealt with in this respect by lodging suppliers. Then, following on from the acknowledgment of such issues that are associated with homelessness, there is a demand to look to measure the impact upon societal lodging suppliers with this in head through the consideration of a figure of illustrations so as to better exemplify the points that are made in this respect. Finally, this study will look to reason with a sum-up of the cardinal points that have been derived from this treatment of the impact societal lodging suppliers have had upon the affair of homelessness with respect to what are recognised as being the critical success factors. To better exemplify the point a critical success factor refers to an component n ecessary for the accomplishment or success of the mission of an administration or single undertaking ( Boynlon A ; Zmud, 1984 ) . For illustration, a critical success factor related to homelessness is user engagement i.e. in other words, stateless people responding and being proactive in relation to the affair of societal lodging suppliers supplying them with places and declarations to their other associated jobs. ( 3 ) Issues With a position to recognizing the issues involved with societal lodging suppliers efficaciously deciding jobs of homelessness it is to appreciated that this is a multi faceted job that has come to be good noted by a considerable figure of different research workers as a much more complex issue than merely happening adjustment ( Anderson A ; Tulloch, 2000 ) . On this footing, it has been recognised that cases of homelessness can originate from out of a figure of factors including household dislocation, intoxicant or drug abuse, eviction, or mental and physical wellness that can besides present important jobs ( Lemos, 1999 ) . In each single instance as it arises such troubles can function to do it well more complex to look to resettle single citizens into their ain adjustment in the event of their holding been recognised as homeless by the local governments ( Pearl, 1997 ) . Problems in this respect are so really frequently merely farther compounded by the troubles that are found to be inherently involved with remaining in impermanent adjustment like a inn. The ground for this is that there is a demand to understand that some inn adjustment can be said to move as a farther complication as opposed to a benefit for those desiring to resettle into the community in independent adjustment ( Clapham, 2005 ) . By manner of illustration, faculty members including Galchagan A ; Wallace ( 2001 ) have served to propose that before an person can be resettled a drawn-out procedure of going unsettled may hold led to a individual being homeless and in impermanent adjustment so that this so serves to intend that the affair of homelessness has come to be something of a revolving door procedure ( Galchagan A ; Wallace, 2001, p.2 ) . On this footing, societal lodging suppliers by and large seek to promote relocation of persons that have been made homeless to carry through the purpose of assisting to more efficaciously decide this issue and offer support whilst besides functioning to authorise people to pull on their ain accomplishments and cognition to be able to so do their attempts at happening adjustment well more of a success ( Clapham, 2005 ) . The ground for this is that it has been recognised that without support faculty members including Schofield ( 1999, at p.3 ) have come to propose that certain groups like those with mental wellness jobs will stop up sing the same jobs. In add-on, it is besides to be noted that the Homelessness Directorate of the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister ( 2002 ) has antecedently served to foreground the fact there is excessively small information presently available with respect to the extent with which cases of repetition homelessness have arisen although it should be not ed that the figures that have been generated from certain local governments have served to gauge this figure could be at least 20-30 % of all instances originating to be decided upon ( Cave, 2007 ) . With this in head, Schofield so looks to reason that non merely is this really frequently something of a crushing blow to the non inconsiderable recognised hopes and aspirations of a stateless individual but it besides incurs an unbelievable cost imposed by occupancy failure and excess clip spent in impermanent adjustment, which is necessarily more expensive for the person involved ( Schofield, 1999, at p.3 ) . ( 4 ) Impact on Social Housing characteristics With respect to the impact upon societal lodging suppliers, in relation to the affair of lodgings allotment more by and large, Parts VI and VII of the Housing Act 1996 govern the manner councils allocate their lodging and how they should help those designated as being homeless. The Homelessness Act 2002 so served to amend the Housing Act 1996 at Parts VI and VII so the processs for using for ( and the allotment of ) lodging were revised along with the responsibilities owed by councils to those recognised as confronting homelessness in the UK. As a consequence, societal lodging suppliers have been actively encouraged to take part in undertaking homelessness by functioning to place a Homelessness Champion and besides develop their ain schemes for battling this all excessively copiously complex societal job to be engaged their precedences and partnerships. For illustration, the Bath A ; North East Somerset Council Homelessness Strategy, 2008-2013 ( 2008 ) recognised Knightstone Housi ng Association and Somer Community Housing Trust are the country s chief local lodging suppliers although the figure of leases has been diminishing ( e.g. 79 in 2005/06 fell to 55 in 2006/07 ) . Therefore, the council felt it was necessary to work with suppliers to better maximize leases to homeless people since societal lodging is accessed by registering on the local authorization s online pick based leases scheme Homesearch . As of 2008 there were over six thousand people registered with the Bath A ; North East Somerset Council about two tierces of which necessitating one sleeping room places but the job is that leases have diminished in the last five old ages so demand for lodging far outstrips supply ( Bath A ; North East Somerset Council, 2008 ) . A farther illustration of societal lodging suppliers work arose when more than 100 lodging associations situated in the North West sought to undertake the affair of homelessness through the constitution of a set of committednesss in the tally up to Christmas 2009. To this consequence a study by the North West Housing Association entitled The North West s Housing Associations Our Committednesss to Tackling Homelessness ( 2009 ) has found there are merely non sufficient places available in the part. That this has proved to be the instance is marked by the fact waiting lists for a societal place have increased by over 50 % in the last five old ages and will increase even more due to the economic downswing ( National Housing Federation, 2009 ) . However, to better trade with the job good over 100 lodging associations have signed up to the aforesaid committednesss since they jointly manage over 450,000 places to organize a homelessness scheme. This is brooding of the fact it is possible for them to work together to vouch lodging associations and local governments work together to present cardinal services, supply support and offer solutions to undertake homelessness by placing and covering with factors that cause the job in the first topographic point including worklessness , fiscal exclusion, anti-social behavior and low educational attainment ( National Housing Federation, 2009 ) . But lodging associations in the part are already assisting undertake homelessness in many ways as the study included in the aforesaid study found 74 % provide entree to preparation to increase renters opportunities of employment ; 76 % have linked up with recognition brotherhoods ; and 98 % of associations offer their renters entree to a lodging advice service with a position to offering aid to those who do lose their places ( North West Housing Association, 2009 ) . Another illustration arose in the Liverpool part with the Riverside Project ( 2009 ) will increase low-cost places supply to people within the part, offer comfy adjustment for those people who are likely to be stateless and offer tailored lodging and support services ( a ) set uping a mark to construct 2,000 new low-cost places between 2008/2011 ; ( B ) supplying first-class supported lodging services to our 3,000 bing service users and by bettering the quality of our lodging stock by accomplishing what are recognised as Decent Homes marks ; ( degree Celsius ) doing suited adjustment available to appliers that are stateless ; ( vitamin D ) looking to develop new strategies for supported lodging as set out in the concern program and vouching specialist proviso for the homeless is delivered to run into the demands of the wider community ; ( vitamin E ) developing our bing drifting support services and furthering internal and external links with cardinal spouses ; ( degree Fahrenheit ) guaranteeing that local schemes allow us to see the demands of the homeless and those that are threatened with homelessness ; ( g ) working to cut down overcrowding by runing a sensitive allotments policy and optimizing stock s best usage by back uping renters who are under busying to travel to more appropriate adjustment ; ( H ) back uping the development of strategies for local and national mobility ; ( I ) providing or facilitating AIDSs and versions and working together with other bureaus to assist handicapped people remain at place. ( 5 ) Decision In seeking to reason this study on the impact that societal lodging suppliers have had on turn toing the issue of homelessness in the UK it is to be appreciated that one of the most important critical success factors is user engagement. Therefore, it is incumbent upon societal lodging suppliers to look to promote those who are stateless ( or those who might be made homeless ) to use their services with a position to staying feasible members of society. The ground for this is that, in concurrence with local governments in the UK, societal lodging suppliers have looked to non merely cover with the issue of homelessness that serves to plague our society. However, whilst societal lodging suppliers have doubtless looked to help the homeless in a assortment of ways, as the illustration of the Bath A ; North East Somerset Council Homelessness Strategy, 2008-2013 ( 2008 ) has served to exemplify the figure of leases by societal lodging suppliers has really been diminishing at a clip when p eople are arguably at there most vulnerable in position of the hapless economic system. Therefore, as has already recognised possibly the most important critical success factor for deciding the issue of homelessness is for societal lodging suppliers to look to work with the local governments to break trade with peoples demands within a peculiar part.

Blaise Pascal

Bryce Pascal We reach the truth for not just reason but for the mind. (1) Bryce Pascal says that he is one of the greatest thinkers of the 17th century. The 17th century is an era of scientific revolution. In the meantime, the main idea of ​​everyone is not just to listen to stories, but to ask everything. This brought about a change in thinking in the field of religion and science. Science makes it possible to cast doubts on the teachings of old churches. Scientists suffer from thought of mathematics and physics, but philosophers are suffering from the idea of ​​God. Small ideas are related to ordinary extraordinary, wonderful ideas. It was told once by Blythe Pascal. Bryce Pascal, born in Clermont-Ferrand, France on June 19, 1623, will change the world of science and mathematics. He is a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and Christian philosopher. He is a genius of children. His early life was neither a sad story nor a very happy story. But his invention is still highly appreciated. - The French Revolution took place from 1789 to 1799 when the monarchy was overthrown, the Republic was founded, and the church was restricted. The French Revolution ended in 1799 with the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte. The French Revolution founded the French Legislative Assembly. Many people think revelation is the cause of the French Revolution, but revelation is not one of the main driving force of the revolution. Blaise Pascal is the third child of Étienne Pascal's child and his only son. Blythe 's mother died when she was 3 years old. In 1632, the Pascal family, Etienne and his four children left Clermont and settled in Paris. Bryce Pascal 's father decided to teach his son from an unusual educational point of view. Étienne Pascal decided that Blaise would not learn mathematics by the age of 15 and decided that all mathematical texts would be removed from their home. But his curiosity piqued his interest and he began studyin g geometry at the age of twelve. He learned that the sum of the angles of the triangle is two right angles When his father noticed, he allowed soft copies of Blaise Euclidean.

Western liberal democracy. The evolution of liberal democracy Thesis

Western liberal democracy. The evolution of liberal democracy - Thesis Example Liberal democracy,otherwise called constitutional democracy,is the most dominant form of democracies in the contemporary world and the phrase 'Liberal Democracy' is a frequently used to describe Western democratic political systems including the United States,Britain,New Zealand,Canada,Australia,and other nations. To define a liberal democracy, it is "a form of representative democracy where elected representatives that hold the decision power are moderated by a constitution that emphasizes protecting individual liberties and the rights of minorities in society, such as freedom of speech and assembly, freedom of religion, the right to private property and privacy, as well as equality before the law and due process under the rule of law, and many more." 1As against the distinction with the Communist People's Republics or the 'Popular Democracies' of the Cold War period, constitutional democracies in the modern period are differentiated from the direct democracies and participatory dem ocracies. The various constitutional forms of liberal democracies include republics, as in the case of the US, India, and France, and constitutional monarchy, such as the UK and Spain. This paper deals with Western liberal democracy in two sections: the evolution of liberal democracy and the nature of liberal democracy.Liberal democracy has its origins in the Age of Enlightenment in Europe in the 18th century at a time when monarchy was the practice of the time. The Western liberal democracy has emerged from the unique history of European civilisation and it has grown to become one of the most important forms of democratic government in the contemporary world. Today, one prevalent question concerning the Western liberal democracy is whether it can be served from its Western historical context and universalised for all nations of the world. The evolution of Western liberal democracy needs to be realised as the result of influential movements in the Europe, including the French Revolu tion and the English Revolution, based on the theoretical and philosophical thoughts such as liberty, equality etc. The American story of the evolution of liberal democracy is not different. "In part enlightened by European theoretical works, in part influenced by the European history, and in part responding to new life in American colonies, Madison, Hamilton and Jefferson, among others, conceived a federal republic, creating a new version of democracy which is elegant in theory but miserly in fact. It is elegant in the way it structures a durable government. It is miserly in the way it embraces the realities of the eighteenth century America, excluding a vast majority of people from the democratic process. Initially confined to one race and one gender, the base of American democracy has gradually expanded." 2 Thus, the American liberal democracy mixes reality with vision and today it has become the epitome of Western liberal democracy. Today, the eighteenth century liberalism which was based on property has been transformed o a new liberalism which is established on formal equality and liberty. . The Western liberal democracy in the contemporary world demonstrates that civil and political rights of the people can go hand in hand with higher standards of living. "In light of these achievements, liberal democracy is touted as the ideal form of government for all the peoples of the world. Any other system, including any other notion of democracy, is seen as a lesser construct, an inferior design, a recipe for social and economic backwardness." 3 Analysing the chief components in the origin and development of the Western liberal democracy, it is essential to relate to some essential sources of it. Any political ideology has a historical life, growth and development and the ideology of the Western liberal democracy is not different. Thus, it is important to have the background knowledge about the Greek heritage of democracy and the contributions of Christian theology and Roman

Academic carrier goal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Academic carrier goal - Essay Example My papers were appreciated a lot both in home and school. Teachers approved of my critical analysis and encouraged me to practice the act quite frequently. They visualized a potential producer and director in me because of which, throughout my high school, I was named â€Å"2 in 1†. Gradually, the inspiration I gained from my mentors became ingrained in my thinking, and I wanted to build my career in film making. This field is perfect for me because it accords with my aptitude. I was recently studying the program of film making at an art school, which considerably lacked the technology that is essential for the demonstration of skill. Therefore, I have decided to transfer my credit hrs to another school, the Chapman University in LA. From the prospectus, I have come to know that Dodge College is well equipped with latest technology pertaining to film direction and production. Sound capturing is an important element if film making, and can both make and break the quality of a f ilm. In order to be a good producer and director, it is compulsory to be educated on the use of equipment. Dodge College equips digital audio recorder, boom microphone, digital editing software and such other tools that I can practice on and learn the art of film making. Therefore, I want to pursue my studies in this college.

Departmental imaging requirements Essay Example for Free

Departmental imaging requirements Essay Introduction Diagnosing, staging, and re-staging of cancer, as well as the monitoring and planning of cancer treatment, has traditionally relied on anatomic imaging like computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Spatially accurate medical imaging is an essential tool in three dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment planning. CT imaging is the standard imaging modality for image based radiation treatment planning (RTP). CT images provide anatomical information on the size and location of tumors in the body. They also provide electron density information for heterogeneity-based patient dose calculation. The major limitation of the CT imaging process is soft tissue contrast, which is overcome by using contrast agents or using another anatomical imaging modality like MRI. One of the disadvantages of anatomical imaging techniques like CT and MRI is its inability to characterize the tumor. Tumors need to be characterized whether they are benign or malignant and if malignant it would be helpful to know whether the proliferation is slow or fast. Necrotic, scar, and inflammatory tissue often cannot be differentiated from malignancy based on anatomic imaging alone. Anatomical imaging has high sensitivity for detection of structural changes, but a low specificity for further characterization of these abnormalities. Single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography (PET) are imaging techniques that provide information on physiology rather than anatomy. These modalities have been used for evaluation of tumor metabolism, differentiation between tumor reoccurrence and radiation necrosis, detection of hypoxic areas of the tumor, and other functional imaging. Radiation treatment planning requires an accurate location of the tumor and the normal tissue and also knowledge of the size of the tumor for contouring the treatment volume. Although PET provides necessary functional information for RTP, it has a few limitations. The spatial resolution of PET is too poor to give accurate quantitative information. The greatest limitation in using PET for RTP is its lack of anatomical information. This limitation of PET is overcome by evaluating PET and CT images together. Fused PET and CT images give better diagnostic evaluation than PET or CT images used alone (Bar-Shalom et al, 2003; Cohade Wahl, 2003). But fusion of PET and CT images are meaningful only when they are correctly spatially registered. Hence a proper spatial registration is required for accurate delineation of tumor volume. The necessity of accurate spatial registration of fused images requires different fusion techniques for different image datasets. Software fusion and hardware fusion are the two different approaches considered by the scientific community (Townsend et al, 2003; Townsend et al, 2002). Software fusion approaches use different transformation algorithms to fuse different modality images acquired at different times. The transformation algorithms are classified as rigid and non-rigid transformation algorithms. They are based on whether they fuse images of rigid-body (e. g. , head) or non rigid (e. g. , abdomen) objects (Patton, 2001; Yap, 2002). Although software fusion gives better diagnostic information than using separate images, physicians may not rely on the information if the fused images were acquired at different times. Also the chances of a change in patient position are high for image acquisition done at different times. The hardware approach of image fusion is headed towards designing a single imaging system to acquire simultaneously the different image modalities required. Hardware fusion is partially achieved by construction of a hybrid PET/CT scanner (Beyer et al, 2000; Townsend et al, 2004) which acquires different modalities sequentially. These hybrid scanners are two separate scanners enabled to operate in sequence one after another to acquire the different image modality datasets in a single imaging session. Although hybrid scanners do not give a true hardware fusion and have not proven to be a better fusion technique scientifically (Kalabbers et al, 2002), they have gained popularity for image acquisition in a single session. Due to reduced scan time and patient motion, PET/CT is considered reliable among the oncology community. These hybrid PET/CT scanners, due to reduced scan time and reliable registration of PET and CT datasets, are becoming common in RTP. A PET image fused with a CT image can be used in treatment planning to eliminate geographic misses of the tumor and escalation of dose to the hypermetabolic aspects of a tumor. Fused images improve the accuracy in staging of lymph nodes. Although the use of PET/CT in RTP is growing at a fast pace, little research has been done in the direction of validating the PET/CT datasets for RTP. Discussion CT images describe the electronic density distribution of cross sections of the patient anatomy. CT systems provide gray scale display of linear attenuation coefficients that closely relate to the density of the tissue. CT imaging evolved from conventional planar radiographs. In planar X-ray film imaging the three dimensional anatomy of the patient is reduced to a two dimensional attenuation projection image and the depth information of the structures are lost. In CT imaging several attenuation projection images for a volume of tissue are acquired at different angles. These sets of projection images are reconstructed by filtered back projection algorithm to generate two dimensional attenuation cross-section of anatomy of the patient. The attenuation measurement for a CT detector element is given by Equation 1 and Equation 2. Equation 1 represents attenuation measurement for homogenous object and Equation 2 represent attenuation measurement for inhomogeneous (heterogeneous) objects. _ P(x) =1n [I0] = ? x ? (1) __ _ I x _ _ _ P(x) = 1n [I0] = x d x ? (2) __ L _ I x In the above equation P(x) is the measured projection data for attenuation along the x direction. Io is the intensity of the x-ray beam measured without the patient in the way for that detector element. This is also known as a blank scan. I (x) is the measured intensity after attenuation by the patient.? (x) is the measured attenuation coefficient as a function of location in the patient. A CT scanner positions a rotating x-ray tube and detector on opposite sides of the patient to acquire projection images. Early CT scanners used pencil beams of x-rays and a combination of translation and rotation motion to acquire projection images (Bushberg et al, 1994). Modern CT scanners have a stationary or rotating detector array with a rotating fan beam x-ray tube. There are also two types of scanning: axial and helical CT scanning. In axial scanning the patient is moved step by step acquiring sets of projection images for each slice. In helical scanning the patient table moves continuously while the x-ray tube acquires a series of projection images. The projection images are acquired for a helical path around the patient. In helical scanning to reconstruct a cross-sectional planar image, the helical data is interpolated to give axial plane projection data before reconstruction. By removing the time to index the table between slices the total scan time of the patient is reduced. Also reconstruction can be done for any slice thickness after acquiring the data. This helical scanning is available in most of the current CT scanners. The reconstructed CT image is a two dimensional matrix of numbers, with each pixel corresponding to a spatial location in the image and in the patient. Usually the matrix is 512 pixels wide and 512 pixels tall covering a 50 cm x 50 cm field of view. The numeric value in each pixel represents the attenuation coefficient as a gray level in the CT image. These numbers are called Hounsfield units or CT numbers. The reconstruction process generates a matrix of Hounsfield units which give the linear attenuation values normalized to the attenuation of water. This normalization is given by Equation 3. CT Number (HU) = 1000 (? pixel ? water) ____________ ?water CT number gives an indication of the type of tissue. Water has a CT number of zero. Negative CT numbers are typical for air spaces, lung tissues and fatty tissue. Values of ? pixel greater than ? water correspond to other soft tissues and bone. Radiologists occasionally make critical diagnostic decisions based on CT number of particular regions of interest. Also attenuation values given by CT numbers are used to calculate the dose delivered to the tumor in RTP. CT number is an important parameter in CT images which must be frequently checked for accuracy. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging generates images that depict the distribution of positron emitting radionuclide in the patient body. PET imaging often uses the F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) radioactive tracer to track increased glucose metabolic activity of tumor cells and to provide images of the whole body distribution of FDG. When the positron is emitted by the radioactive tracer it annihilates with an electron to generate two 511 kev photons emitted in nearly opposite directions. These photons interact with the ring of detector elements surrounding the patient. If both the emitted photons are detected then the point of annihilation lies on the line joining the points of detection. This line joining the points of detection is known as the line of response (LOR). The circuit used by the scanner to record the detector interactions occurring at the same time is called coincidence circuitry. This whole process is called annihilation coincidence detection. Thus a PET scanner uses annihilation coincidence detection instead of mechanical collimation like gamma cameras to acquire projections of activity distribution in the patient. Projections acquired at different angles are reconstructed using iterative algorithms to generate cross-sectional images of activity distribution. The annihilation coincidence detection process allows many false events to be acquired. Corrections are necessary for these false events before the projections are reconstructed. The total events acquired are classified as trues, random and scatter. A true coincidence is simultaneous interactions occurring in the detectors resulting from emissions occurring in the same nuclear transformation. Random coincidences occur when emissions from different nuclear transformations interact in coincidence with the surrounding detectors. Scatter coincidence occurs when one or both photons from annihilation is scattered in the patient body and interact with the detector to give a false LOR. The acquired annihilation events need to be corrected for random and scatter events. Random coincidence events along any LOR may be directly measured using the delayed coincidence method (Levin, 2003). The delayed coincidence method uses two coincidence circuits. The first circuit measures both true and random coincidence events. The second circuit has a delay of several hundred microseconds inserted into the coincidence window, so all true coincidences are thrown out of coincidence. The counts measured in the second circuit are subtracted from the first to give true counts. Scatter correction is done for the projection data by model-based scatter estimation (Levin, 2003). The scatter correction factor is estimated by mathematical models and applied to the projection data before reconstruction. Image fusion was initially achieved by software fusion of anatomical and functional images. Software fusion was generally successful with brain and rigid body volumes. It encountered significant difficulties when fusing images of the rest of the body. Alignment algorithms fail to converge the two image sets due to problems of patient movement or discrepancies in patient positioning between two scans. Also involuntary movements of internal organs arise when patient are imaged on different scanners and at different times. Dual modality PET/CT imaging is a combination of imaging technologies helping to acquire accurately aligned anatomical and functional images in the same scanning session. Also an additional advantage of the combined PET/CT scanner is the use of CT images for attenuation correction. CT images can be scaled in energy and used to correct the PET data for attenuation effects (Kinahan et al, 2003; Kinahan et al, 1998). Dual-modality PET/CT was first built at the University of Pittsburgh in collaboration with CTI (Knoxville, TN) and Siemens Medical Solutions (Hoffman Estates, IL), combining separate PET and CT scanning devices into one device. The PET/CT prototype consisted of a rotating partial ring PET system and a single slice CT scanner mounted on the same rotating support. The CT scanner combined with PET often uses helical scanning CT to enable fast patient throughput, but new scanners with both helical and axial scanning are available now. The CT data is usually acquired first, followed by PET acquisition. There are typically two separate acquisition processing units for CT and PET, and an integrated display workstation. The acquired CT and PET datasets are sending to the reconstruction processing unit for reconstruction. Reconstructed images are fused in the fusion workstation. CT and PET images can also be separately viewed in the workstation. The protocol for PET/CT imaging starts with patient preparation. 5 – 15 mCi of FDG is injected into the patient 45 – 60 min before the start of image acquisition. After 45 min, the glucose circulates through the body; the patient gets ready for image acquisition by emptying the bladder. The patient is positioned on the table for an initial topogram. The topogram is used to select the scan range for PET/CT image acquisition. The scan range is selected as a number of bed positions. Once the image acquisition region is selected in the topogram, the helical CT scan is done first; it takes around 30 sec to acquire one bed position. After completion of the CT portion, the scanner bed is moved to the PET starting position and the emission scan is started. The emission scan duration per bed position varies with the detector technology used. With conventional bismuth germinate oxyorthosilicate (BGO) system, acquisition times will range from 5 to 8 minutes per bed position. The new lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) technology reduces emission scans to 3 to 5 minutes per bed position (Humm et al, 2003). The CT data are used to perform attenuation correction. Image reconstruction is completed a few minutes after the PET image acquisition is completed. Since the CT data is used for attenuation correction, the total scan duration for a PET/CT scanner is shorter than that for stand-alone PET scanner, because the CT acquisition is much faster than a conventional PET transmission acquisition. Conclusion. To conclude, Positron Emission Tomography/Computerized Tomography (PET/CT) is an imaging test that produces high resolution pictures of the body’s biological functions and anatomic structures. These images show body metabolism and other functions rather than simply the gross anatomy and structure revealed by a standard CT or MRI scan. This is important because functional changes are often present before obvious structural changes in tissues are evident. PET/CT imaging can uncover abnormalities that might otherwise go undetected. 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